Analyze Diet
Frontiers in veterinary science2017; 4; 14; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00014

Aging and Veterinary Care of Cats, Dogs, and Horses through the Records of Three University Veterinary Hospitals.

Abstract: The present article examines over 63,000 medical records belonging to the Veterinary Hospitals of the Universities of Bologna, Torino, and Padova, all in Northern Italy, and relative to dogs (approximately 50,000), cats (approximately 12,000), and companion horses (slightly less than 1,000). The animals of the three species were divided into age classes and categorized per sex into males, females, and neutered individuals. The mean age at visit and the effects of age classes and category (analyzed ANOVA) are presented and discussed. The data indicate that many animals are presented to the hospitals either in the early phases of their life (presumably for vaccination and, in cats and dogs, gonadectomy) or in the advanced age (over 10 years in dogs, over 15 years in cats, and over 17 years in horses). The records of very old individuals of the three species are also reported. On the whole, the results suggest that a growing population of mature to old domestic carnivores or companion horses reaches ages that were considered exceptional only a few years ago. The data also testify an evolution in the animal-owner relationship and a renewed respect for the value of life in companion domestic mammals.
Publication Date: 2017-02-14 PubMed ID: 28261586PubMed Central: PMC5306394DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00014Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses an evaluation of over 63,000 animal medical records from three university veterinary hospitals in Northern Italy, tracking the aging and veterinary care of dogs, cats, and horses. It reveals significant numbers of these pets reaching advanced age brackets that were previously considered unusual.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers selected over 63,000 medical records related to dogs (50,000 approximately), cats (around 12,000), and companion horses (just under 1,000).
  • Coming from three different University Veterinary Hospitals located in Northern Italy (Bologna, Torino, and Padova), these records were carefully scrutinized.
  • The animals were divided into different age groups and further categorized by sex, including males, females, and neutered individuals.

Data Analysis and Findings

  • The team used ANOVA for statistical analysis and presented the mean age at visit, keeping into account the various age classes and groups.
  • The data suggested that animals were primarily brought to these hospitals either in the early phase of their lives (likely for vaccination or neutering in case of cats and dogs) or in their advanced age (over 10 years in dogs, over 15 in cats, and over 17 in horses).
  • The records of extremely old individuals from the three species were specially noted.

Interpretations and Conclusions

  • The findings suggest an increasing number of domestic carnivores and companion horses are living to advanced ages previously considered extraordinary.
  • This trend shows an evolution in the relationship between animals and their owners, indicating more consideration for their lives and a growing recognition of companion animals’ lives’ value.

Cite This Article

APA
Cozzi B, Ballarin C, Mantovani R, Rota A. (2017). Aging and Veterinary Care of Cats, Dogs, and Horses through the Records of Three University Veterinary Hospitals. Front Vet Sci, 4, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00014

Publication

ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 4
Pages: 14
PII: 14

Researcher Affiliations

Cozzi, Bruno
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Ballarin, Cristina
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Mantovani, Roberto
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Rota, Ada
  • Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

References

This article includes 51 references
  1. Vaupel JW. Biodemography of human ageing.. Nature 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):536-42.
    doi: 10.1038/nature08984pmc: PMC4010874pubmed: 20336136google scholar: lookup
  2. Kaeberlein M, Rabinovitch PS, Martin GM. Healthy aging: The ultimate preventative medicine.. Science 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1191-3.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aad3267pmc: PMC4793924pubmed: 26785476google scholar: lookup
  3. Vaupel JW, Gowan AE. Passage to Methuselah: some demographic consequences of continued progress against mortality.. Am J Public Health 1986 Apr;76(4):430-3.
    doi: 10.2105/AJPH.76.4.430pmc: PMC1646521pubmed: 3953921google scholar: lookup
  4. Akiyama H. Japan's longevity challenge.. Science 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1135.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aad9386pubmed: 26785447google scholar: lookup
  5. Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS. The reliability theory of aging and longevity.. J Theor Biol 2001 Dec 21;213(4):527-45.
    doi: 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2430pubmed: 11742523google scholar: lookup
  6. Dong X, Milholland B, Vijg J. Evidence for a limit to human lifespan.. Nature 2016 Oct 13;538(7624):257-259.
    doi: 10.1038/nature19793pubmed: 27706136google scholar: lookup
  7. Harvanek ZM, Mourão MA, Schnell S, Pletcher SD. A computational approach to studying ageing at the individual level.. Proc Biol Sci 2016 Feb 10;283(1824).
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2346pmc: PMC4760160pubmed: 26865300google scholar: lookup
  8. Comfort A. Maximum ages reached by domestic cats. J Mammal (1956) 37:118–9.
    doi: 10.2307/1375545google scholar: lookup
  9. COMFORT A. The longevity and mortality of thoroughbred mares.. J Gerontol 1958 Oct;13(4):342-50.
    doi: 10.1093/geronj/13.4.342pubmed: 13611225google scholar: lookup
  10. COMFORT A. The longevity and mortality of thoroughbred stallions.. J Gerontol 1959 Jan;14(1):9-10.
    doi: 10.1093/geronj/14.1.9pubmed: 13620896google scholar: lookup
  11. COMFORT A. Longevity and mortality in dogs of four breeds.. J Gerontol 1960 Apr;15:126-9.
    doi: 10.1093/geronj/15.2.126pubmed: 13811415google scholar: lookup
  12. COMFORT A. The life span of animals.. Sci Am 1961 Aug;205:108-19.
  13. Spector WS. Handbook of Biological Data. Philadelphia: Saunders; (1956).
  14. Hayashidani H, Omi Y, Ogawa M, Fukutomi K. Epidemiological studies on the expectation of life for dogs computed from animal cemetery records.. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1988 Oct;50(5):1003-8.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.50.1003pubmed: 3199609google scholar: lookup
  15. Eichelberg H, Seine R. [Life expectancy and cause of death in dogs. I. The situation in mixed breeds and various dog breeds].. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1996 Aug;109(8):292-303.
    pubmed: 9005839
  16. Li Y, Deeb B, Pendergrass W, Wolf N. Cellular proliferative capacity and life span in small and large dogs.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996 Nov;51(6):B403-8.
    doi: 10.1093/gerona/51A.6.B403pubmed: 8914489google scholar: lookup
  17. Patronek GJ, Waters DJ, Glickman LT. Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implications for gerontology research.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997 May;52(3):B171-8.
    doi: 10.1093/gerona/52A.3.B171pubmed: 9158552google scholar: lookup
  18. Proschowsky HF, Rugbjerg H, Ersbøll AK. Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark.. Prev Vet Med 2003 Apr 30;58(1-2):63-74.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2pubmed: 12628771google scholar: lookup
  19. Olshansky SJ. The law of mortality revisited: interspecies comparisons of mortality.. J Comp Pathol 2010 Jan;142 Suppl 1:S4-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.016pubmed: 19954793google scholar: lookup
  20. Fried LP. Investing in Health to Create a Third Demographic Dividend.. Gerontologist 2016 Apr;56 Suppl 2:S167-77.
    doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw035pubmed: 26994258google scholar: lookup
  21. Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS. New Developments in the Biodemography of Aging and Longevity.. Gerontology 2015;61(4):364-71.
    doi: 10.1159/000369011pmc: PMC4475490pubmed: 25531147google scholar: lookup
  22. McGue M, Vaupel JW, Holm N, Harvald B. Longevity is moderately heritable in a sample of Danish twins born 1870-1880.. J Gerontol 1993 Nov;48(6):B237-44.
    doi: 10.1093/geronj/48.6.B237pubmed: 8227991google scholar: lookup
  23. Herskind AM, McGue M, Iachine IA, Holm N, Sørensen TI, Harvald B, Vaupel JW. Untangling genetic influences on smoking, body mass index and longevity: a multivariate study of 2464 Danish twins followed for 28 years.. Hum Genet 1996 Oct;98(4):467-75.
    doi: 10.1007/s004390050241pubmed: 8792824google scholar: lookup
  24. Perls TT, Wilmoth J, Levenson R, Drinkwater M, Cohen M, Bogan H, Joyce E, Brewster S, Kunkel L, Puca A. Life-long sustained mortality advantage of siblings of centenarians.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Jun 11;99(12):8442-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.122587599pmc: PMC123086pubmed: 12060785google scholar: lookup
  25. Capri M, Salvioli S, Sevini F, Valensin S, Celani L, Monti D, Pawelec G, De Benedictis G, Gonos ES, Franceschi C. The genetics of human longevity.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 May;1067:252-63.
    doi: 10.1196/annals.1354.033pubmed: 16803995google scholar: lookup
  26. Christensen K, Johnson TE, Vaupel JW. The quest for genetic determinants of human longevity: challenges and insights.. Nat Rev Genet 2006 Jun;7(6):436-48.
    doi: 10.1038/nrg1871pmc: PMC2726954pubmed: 16708071google scholar: lookup
  27. vB Hjelmborg J, Iachine I, Skytthe A, Vaupel JW, McGue M, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Pedersen NL, Christensen K. Genetic influence on human lifespan and longevity.. Hum Genet 2006 Apr;119(3):312-21.
    doi: 10.1007/s00439-006-0144-ypubmed: 16463022google scholar: lookup
  28. Miller RA, Harper JM, Dysko RC, Durkee SJ, Austad SN. Longer life spans and delayed maturation in wild-derived mice.. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002 Jul;227(7):500-8.
    pubmed: 12094015doi: 10.1177/153537020222700715google scholar: lookup
  29. Galis F, Van der Sluijs I, Van Dooren TJ, Metz JA, Nussbaumer M. Do large dogs die young?. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2007 Mar 15;308(2):119-26.
    doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21116pubmed: 16788896google scholar: lookup
  30. Speakman JR, van Acker A, Harper EJ. Age-related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy.. Aging Cell 2003 Oct;2(5):265-75.
  31. Greer KA, Canterberry SC, Murphy KE. Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog.. Res Vet Sci 2007 Apr;82(2):208-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.06.005pubmed: 16919689google scholar: lookup
  32. Fleming JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. Mortality in north american dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):187-98.
  33. O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England.. Vet J 2013 Dec;198(3):638-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020pubmed: 24206631google scholar: lookup
  34. Rollo CD. Growth negatively impacts the life span of mammals.. Evol Dev 2002 Jan-Feb;4(1):55-61.
  35. Grimm D. Why we outlive our pets.. Science 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1182-5.
    doi: 10.1126/science.350.6265.1182pubmed: 26785473google scholar: lookup
  36. Michell AR. Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease.. Vet Rec 1999 Nov 27;145(22):625-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.145.22.625pubmed: 10619607google scholar: lookup
  37. Cozzi B, Ballarin C, Peruffo A, Carù F. Anatomia degli animali da laboratorio. Roditori e Lagomorfi. 2nd ed Milano: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana; (2006).
  38. Nigrelli RF. Some longevity records of vertebrates. Trans N Y Acad Sci (1954) 16:296–9.
  39. Turturro A, Witt WW, Lewis S, Hass BS, Lipman RD, Hart RW. Growth curves and survival characteristics of the animals used in the Biomarkers of Aging Program.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999 Nov;54(11):B492-501.
    doi: 10.1093/gerona/54.11.B492pubmed: 10619312google scholar: lookup
  40. Cohen J. Death-defying experiments.. Science 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1186-7.
    doi: 10.1126/science.350.6265.1186pubmed: 26785474google scholar: lookup
  41. Mellen IM. The Science and Mistery of the Cat. New York: C. Scribners & Sons; (1940).
  42. Ostan R, Monti D, Gueresi P, Bussolotto M, Franceschi C, Baggio G. Gender, aging and longevity in humans: an update of an intriguing/neglected scenario paving the way to a gender-specific medicine.. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016 Oct 1;130(19):1711-25.
    doi: 10.1042/CS20160004pmc: PMC4994139pubmed: 27555614google scholar: lookup
  43. Waters DJ, Kengeri SS, Clever B, Booth JA, Maras AH, Schlittler DL, Hayek MG. Exploring mechanisms of sex differences in longevity: lifetime ovary exposure and exceptional longevity in dogs.. Aging Cell 2009 Dec;8(6):752-5.
  44. Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. Reproductive capability is associated with lifespan and cause of death in companion dogs.. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e61082.
  45. Miller MA, Moore GE, Bertin FR, Kritchevsky JE. What's New in Old Horses? Postmortem Diagnoses in Mature and Aged Equids.. Vet Pathol 2016 Mar;53(2):390-8.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985815608674pubmed: 26459516google scholar: lookup
  46. Cohen AA. Female post-reproductive lifespan: a general mammalian trait.. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2004 Nov;79(4):733-50.
    doi: 10.1017/S1464793103006432pubmed: 15682868google scholar: lookup
  47. Marsh H, Kasuya T. Evidence for reproductive senescence in female cetaceans. Rep Int Whal Commn (1986) 8:57–74.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985815608674google scholar: lookup
  48. Packer C, Tatar M, Collins A. Reproductive cessation in female mammals.. Nature 1998 Apr 23;392(6678):807-11.
    doi: 10.1038/33910pubmed: 9572138google scholar: lookup
  49. Finn CA. Reproductive ageing and the menopause.. Int J Dev Biol 2001;45(3):613-7.
    pubmed: 11417906
  50. Jones KP, Walker LC, Anderson D, Lacreuse A, Robson SL, Hawkes K. Depletion of ovarian follicles with age in chimpanzees: similarities to humans.. Biol Reprod 2007 Aug;77(2):247-51.
    doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.059634pubmed: 17429014google scholar: lookup
  51. Foster EA, Franks DW, Mazzi S, Darden SK, Balcomb KC, Ford JK, Croft DP. Adaptive prolonged postreproductive life span in killer whales.. Science 2012 Sep 14;337(6100):1313.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1224198pubmed: 22984064google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 13 times.
  1. Melvin RL, Ruple A, Pearson EB, Olby NJ, Fitzpatrick AL, Creevy KE. A review of frailty instruments in human medicine and proposal of a frailty instrument for dogs.. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1139308.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139308pubmed: 37441560google scholar: lookup
  2. de Sousa AA, Rigby Dames BA, Graff EC, Mohamedelhassan R, Vassilopoulos T, Charvet CJ. Going beyond established model systems of Alzheimer's disease: companion animals provide novel insights into the neurobiology of aging.. Commun Biol 2023 Jun 21;6(1):655.
    doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05034-3pubmed: 37344566google scholar: lookup
  3. Korcari A, Przybelski SJ, Gingery A, Loiselle AE. Impact of aging on tendon homeostasis, tendinopathy development, and impaired healing.. Connect Tissue Res 2023 Jan;64(1):1-13.
    doi: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2102004pubmed: 35903886google scholar: lookup
  4. Temesgen T, Getachew Y, Negussie H. Molecular Identification of Equine Herpesvirus 1, 2, and 5 in Equids with Signs of Respiratory Disease in Central Ethiopia.. Vet Med (Auckl) 2021;12:337-345.
    doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S339042pubmed: 34956854google scholar: lookup
  5. Nagasawa T, Ohta M, Uchiyama H. The Urinary Hormonal State of Cats Associated With Social Interaction With Humans.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:680843.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.680843pubmed: 34381833google scholar: lookup
  6. Holst BS, Carlin S, Fouriez-Lablée V, Hanås S, Ödling S, Langborg LM, Ubhayasekera SJKA, Bergquist J, Rydén J, Holmroos E, Hansson K. Concentrations of canine prostate specific esterase, CPSE, at baseline are associated with the relative size of the prostate at three-year follow-up.. BMC Vet Res 2021 Apr 26;17(1):173.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02874-1pubmed: 33902583google scholar: lookup
  7. Xavier PLP, Müller S, Fukumasu H. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Canine Cancer.. Front Oncol 2020;10:591843.
    doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.591843pubmed: 33194754google scholar: lookup
  8. Urfer SR, Kaeberlein M, Promislow DEL, Creevy KE. Lifespan of companion dogs seen in three independent primary care veterinary clinics in the United States.. Canine Med Genet 2020;7:7.
    doi: 10.1186/s40575-020-00086-8pubmed: 32835231google scholar: lookup
  9. Hoffman JM, Valencak TG. A short life on the farm: aging and longevity in agricultural, large-bodied mammals.. Geroscience 2020 Jun;42(3):909-922.
    doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00190-4pubmed: 32361879google scholar: lookup
  10. Banzato T, Franzo G, Di Maggio R, Nicoletto E, Burti S, Cesari M, Canevelli M. A Frailty Index based on clinical data to quantify mortality risk in dogs.. Sci Rep 2019 Nov 14;9(1):16749.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52585-9pubmed: 31727920google scholar: lookup
  11. Lippi I, Bonelli F, Meucci V, Vitale V, Sgorbini M. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy horses of various ages.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Nov;33(6):2765-2769.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15642pubmed: 31663649google scholar: lookup
  12. Yu Y, Shumway KL, Matheson JS, Edwards ME, Kline TL, Lyons LA. Kidney and cystic volume imaging for disease presentation and progression in the cat autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease large animal model.. BMC Nephrol 2019 Jul 12;20(1):259.
    doi: 10.1186/s12882-019-1448-1pubmed: 31299928google scholar: lookup
  13. Gutzeit A, Steffen F, Gutzeit J, Gutzeit J, Kos S, Pfister S, Berlinger L, Anderegg M, Reischauer C, Funke I, Froehlich JM, Koh DM, Orasch C. Would it be safe to have a dog in the MRI scanner before your own examination? A multicenter study to establish hygiene facts related to dogs and men.. Eur Radiol 2019 Feb;29(2):527-534.
    doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5648-zpubmed: 30062526google scholar: lookup