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ACS omega2026; 11(21); 31510-31520; doi: 10.1021/acsomega.6c01555

Alkaline-Promoted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Polo Horse Manure for Biocrude Production.

Abstract: Horse manure (collected as pure feces) is a high-moisture, nutrient-dense organic waste stream with potential for valorization via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, catalyst selection is often reported without direct catalyst-class comparisons under identical conditions. In this study, manure collected in Thailand was characterized and converted via noncatalytic and catalytic HTL in a batch reactor at 300 °C for 40 min (feedstock/water = 1:10, w/w; heating rate 10 °C min). Four catalysts (KOH, NaOH, HPO, NH·HO) were evaluated at 10 and 20 wt % (dry feed basis), with biocrude recovered by dichloromethane extraction and quantified gravimetrically (mean ± SD, = 3). Noncatalytic HTL produced 15.4 wt % biocrude, whereas alkali promotion substantially increased yield: KOH produced 42.8 wt % (10 wt %) and 51.1 wt % (20 wt %), and NaOH produced 39.1 wt % (10 wt %) and 55.1 wt % (20 wt %), the highest yield obtained. In contrast, HPO (10.7-11.3 wt %) and NH·HO (4.6-11.7 wt %) did not improve yields relative to the baseline. Chemical characterization via FTIR revealed mixed aliphatic and oxygenated functionalities in both biocrudes. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of the highest-yield condition (20 wt % NaOH) showed a dominance of lipid-like ester species (75.85% peak area). Ultimate analysis indicated that CAT-HTL increased the estimated higher heating value (HHV) of the product. Overall, alkali promotion particularly 20 wt % NaOH was the most effective strategy among tested catalysts for maximizing biocrude yield from horse manure under fixed reaction severity.
© 2026 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.
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Publication Date: 2026-05-16 PubMed ID: 42255545PubMed Central: PMC13235218DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6c01555Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates the conversion of horse manure into biocrude oil using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), comparing the effects of different alkaline catalysts on biocrude yield and quality under identical reaction conditions.

Background and Motivation

  • Horse manure is a nutrient-rich, high-moisture organic waste often considered for renewable energy production.
  • Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical process that converts wet biomass into biocrude, a crude oil-like substance that can be refined into fuels.
  • Previous studies lack direct comparisons of different catalysts for HTL under the same experimental conditions.
  • This research aims to fill that gap by evaluating several catalysts for HTL of horse manure to maximize biocrude yield and enhance energy content.

Materials and Methods

  • Horse manure was collected from Thailand and analyzed for key characteristics such as moisture content and nutrient density.
  • HTL experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at 300 °C for 40 minutes with a feedstock-to-water ratio of 1:10 (weight basis) and a heating rate of 10 °C per minute.
  • Four catalysts were tested at two loadings (10 wt% and 20 wt% relative to dry feed): potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hypophosphorous acid (HPO), and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH).
  • Biocrude oil was extracted using dichloromethane and quantified gravimetrically to assess yield.
  • Three replicates per condition ensured statistical reliability (mean ± standard deviation reported).

Results: Biocrude Yield

  • Noncatalytic HTL (no catalyst) yielded 15.4 wt% biocrude from dry manure.
  • Alkali catalysts greatly increased biocrude yields:
    • KOH at 10 wt% gave 42.8 wt%, and at 20 wt% gave 51.1 wt% biocrude.
    • NaOH at 10 wt% produced 39.1 wt%, and at 20 wt% produced the highest yield of 55.1 wt% biocrude.
  • Non-alkali catalysts did not significantly improve yield:
    • HPO produced 10.7-11.3 wt% biocrude.
    • NH₄OH produced 4.6-11.7 wt% biocrude.
  • This shows that alkali catalysts, particularly NaOH at higher loading, are highly effective for promoting HTL biocrude production.

Chemical Characterization

  • Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed biocrudes contained a mix of aliphatic (hydrocarbon-like) and oxygenated functional groups.
  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of biocrude from 20 wt% NaOH HTL showed a dominance (75.85% peak area) of lipid-like ester compounds, typical molecules derived from fats and oils.
  • Ultimate (elemental) analysis indicated that catalytic HTL increased the higher heating value (HHV), meaning biocrude from catalyzed runs has higher energy content compared to raw manure or noncatalytic processes.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study conclusively demonstrates that alkaline catalysts significantly enhance biocrude yield from horse manure under hydrothermal liquefaction conditions at 300 °C.
  • Among tested catalysts, 20 wt% NaOH yielded the most biocrude, suggesting strong base catalysis facilitates breakdown and conversion of manure components into energy-rich oils.
  • The chemical makeup of the biocrude is favorable for use as a biofuel precursor due to high ester content and increased heating value.
  • This research informs catalyst selection for sustainable valorization of nutrient-rich agricultural wastes like horse manure into renewable liquid fuels.

Cite This Article

APA
Namsiri P, Pianthong K, Thanakijkasem P. (2026). Alkaline-Promoted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Polo Horse Manure for Biocrude Production. ACS Omega, 11(21), 31510-31520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6c01555

Publication

ACS omega
ISSN: 2470-1343
NlmUniqueID: 101691658
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 21
Pages: 31510-31520

Researcher Affiliations

Namsiri, Pongthep
  • Program of Energy Technology, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Rd, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
Pianthong, Kulachate
  • Faculty of Engineering, Ubon Ratchathani University, 85 Sathonlamak Rd, Mueang Si Khai, Warin Chamrap District, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.
Thanakijkasem, Purit
  • Program of Energy Technology, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Rd, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.

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