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Alterations in oxidative gene expression in equine skeletal muscle following exercise and training.
Abstract: Intense selection for elite racing performance in the Thoroughbred horse (Equus caballus) has resulted in a number of adaptive physiological phenotypes relevant to exercise; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these characteristics are not well understood. Adaptive changes in mRNA expression in equine skeletal muscle were investigated by real-time qRT-PCR for a panel of candidate exercise-response genes following a standardized incremental-step treadmill exercise test in eight untrained Thoroughbred horses. Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius before, immediately after, and 4 h after exercise. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in gene expression were detected for six genes (CKM, COX4I1, COX4I2, PDK4, PPARGC1A, and SLC2A4) 4 h after exercise. Investigation of relationships between mRNA and velocity at maximum heart rate (VHR(max)) and peak postexercise plasma lactate concentration ([La]T(1)) revealed significant (P < 0.05) associations with postexercise COX4I1 and PPARCG1A expression and between [La]T(1) and basal COX4I1 expression. Gene expression changes were investigated in a second cohort of horses after a 10 mo period of training. In resting samples, COX4I1 gene expression had significantly increased following training, and, after exercise, significant differences were identified for COX4I2, PDK4, and PPARGC1A. Significant relationships with VHR(max) and [La]T(1) were detected for PPARGC1A and COX4I1. These data highlight the roles of genes responsible for the regulation of oxygen-dependent metabolism, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid utilization in equine skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.
Publication Date: 2009-10-27 PubMed ID: 19861432DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2009Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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The research examines the adaptive changes in gene expression occurring in the skeletal muscles of thoroughbred horses caused by exercise and training. The study reveals that exercise-induced changes in six specific genes are crucial for the horse’s ability to adapt to intense physical activities.
Investigation of Exercise-Induced Gene Expression Changes in Untrained Horses
- The researchers conducted an experiment using eight untrained Thoroughbred horses. The horses were subjected to a standardized incremental-step treadmill exercise test.
- Muscle biopsies were performed on each horse before, immediately after, and 4 hours following exercise. The biopsy samples were taken from the gluteus medius, which is a major muscle located in the horse’s rump.
- Real-time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), a technique used for detecting specific genetic material, was used to analyze the level of expression in several candidate exercise-response genes.
- They found significant changes in the expression of six genes (CKM, COX4I1, COX4I2, PDK4, PPARGC1A, and SLC2A4) 4 hours post exercise. These genes are primarily responsible for various aspects of metabolism, such as the use of glucose and fatty acids, and the regulation of oxygen-dependent metabolic processes.
Correlation between Gene Expression and Exercise Performance
- The researchers examined the relationships between changes in mRNA expression and two exercise performance indicators: the velocity at maximum heart rate (VHR(max)) and peak post-exercise plasma lactate concentration ([La]T(1)).
- They discovered significant associations between post-exercise COX4I1 and PPARCG1A expression and VHR(max). In addition, there was a significant correlation between [La]T(1) and basal COX4I1 expression.
Alteration in Gene Expression Due to Long-Term Training
- In the next phase of the study, they investigated changes in gene expression in a second group of horses following a 10-month training period.
- They found that, in resting samples, the expression of the COX4I1 gene had significantly increased following training.
- Post-exercise, significant expression differences were identified in the COX4I2, PDK4, and PPARGC1A genes. Like the COX4I1 gene, these genes also play key roles in metabolic regulation.
- As in the previous experiment with untrained horses, the study found significant relationships between exercise performance (measured by VHR(max) and [La]T(1)) and the expression of the PPARGC1A and COX4I1 genes.
Importance and Implications of the Study
- This research provides valuable insights into the roles of specific genes that regulate various metabolic processes in equine skeletal muscle, particularly their adaptation to exercise and training.
- Understanding these genetic adaptations can pave the way for the development of new training procedures and nutritional plans to enhance the performance of racing horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Eivers SS, McGivney BA, Fonseca RG, MacHugh DE, Menson K, Park SD, Rivero JL, Taylor CT, Katz LM, Hill EW.
(2009).
Alterations in oxidative gene expression in equine skeletal muscle following exercise and training.
Physiol Genomics, 40(2), 83-93.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2009 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, University College Dublin School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Horses / metabolism
- Lactic Acid / blood
- Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxygen Consumption
- Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
- RNA, Messenger / metabolism
- Resistance Training
Citations
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