FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of virology2019; 93(22); e01011-19; doi: 10.1128/JVI.01011-19

An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) outbreaks continue to occur despite widely used vaccination. Therefore, development of EHV-1 vaccines providing improved immunity and protection is ongoing. Here, an open reading frame 2 deletion mutant of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 (Ab4ΔORF2) was tested as a vaccine candidate. Three groups of horses ( = 8 each) were infected intranasally with Ab4ΔORF2 or the parent Ab4 virus or were kept as noninfected controls. Horses infected with Ab4ΔORF2 had reduced fever and nasal virus shedding compared to those infected with Ab4 but mounted similar adaptive immunity dominated by antibody responses. Nine months after the initial infection, all horses were challenged intranasally with Ab4. Previously noninfected horses (control/Ab4) displayed clinical signs, shed large amounts of virus, and developed cell-associated viremia. In contrast, 5/8 or 3/8 horses previously infected with Ab4ΔORF2 or Ab4, respectively, were fully protected from challenge infection as indicated by the absence of fever, clinical disease, nasal virus shedding, and viremia. All of these outcomes were significantly reduced in the remaining, partially protected 3/8 (Ab4ΔORF2/Ab4) and 5/8 (Ab4/Ab4) horses. Protected horses had EHV-1-specific IgG4/7 antibodies prior to challenge infection, and intranasal antibodies increased rapidly postchallenge. Intranasal inflammatory markers were not detectable in protected horses but quickly increased in control/Ab4 horses during the first week after infection. Overall, our data suggest that preexisting nasal IgG4/7 antibodies neutralize EHV-1, prevent viral entry, and thereby protect from disease, viral shedding, and cell-associated viremia. In conclusion, improved protection from challenge infection emphasizes further evaluation of Ab4ΔORF2 as a vaccine candidate. Nasal equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) shedding is essential for virus transmission during outbreaks. Cell-associated viremia is a prerequisite for the most severe disease outcomes, abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Thus, protection from viremia is considered essential for preventing EHM. Ab4ΔORF2 vaccination prevented EHV-1 challenge virus replication in the upper respiratory tract in fully protected horses. Consequently, these neither shed virus nor developed cell-associated viremia. Protection from virus shedding and viremia during challenge infection in combination with reduced virulence at the time of vaccination emphasizes ORF2 deletion as a promising modification for generating an improved EHV-1 vaccine. During this challenge infection, full protection was linked to preexisting local and systemic EHV-1-specific antibodies combined with rapidly increasing intranasal IgG4/7 antibodies and lack of nasal type I interferon and chemokine induction. These host immune parameters may constitute markers of protection against EHV-1 and be utilized as indicators for improved vaccine development and informed vaccination strategies.
Copyright © 2019 American Society for Microbiology.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-10-29 PubMed ID: 31462575PubMed Central: PMC6819910DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01011-19Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the development and testing of a new vaccine against Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which is a major cause of disease in horses. The vaccine, developed from a mutated form of the virus, showed potential in protecting horses from the virus, highlighting its potential for further evaluation and development.

Study Objectives and Method

  • The main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a new vaccine, specifically an open reading frame 2 deletion mutant, of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 (referred to as Ab4ΔORF2).
  • As part of the study, three groups of horses, eight in each, were used. One group was infected with the vaccine candidate Ab4ΔORF2, the second group with the parent Ab4 virus and the third group was kept as non-infected controls.

Results and Observations

  • The study found that horses infected with the vaccine showed reduced fever and nasal virus shedding, the excretion of virus particles, compared to those infected with the parent strain.
  • After nine months, all horses were given a challenge infection with the Ab4 virus. Most of the horses previously infected with the vaccine were fully protected from the challenge infection, displaying no symptoms and shedding no virus.
  • The horses that had been given the vaccine also showed specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the virus and did not display any inflammation, unlike the control group.

Interpretation and Significance

  • The presence of IgG antibodies in horses infected with the vaccine candidate suggests that the vaccine was able to induce an immune response in the horses, therefore offering protection against the virus.
  • The follow-up infection conducted nine months later indicated that this immunity persisted over time, showing the potential of the vaccine to provide long-lasting protection against EHV-1.
  • The lack of disease symptoms, viral shedding and cell-associated viremia (the presence of viruses in the blood) in vaccinated horses emphasizes the promise of the Ab4ΔORF2 vaccine candidate.
  • The discovery of local and systemic EHV-1-specific antibodies along with rapidly increasing intranasal IgG antibodies and lack of nasal type I interferon and chemokine induction could be potentially be used as indicators of protection against EHV-1, guiding the development of improved vaccine formulations and strategies.

To summarise, the research presents insights into an improved vaccine candidate for EHV-1 in horses, and suggests potential biomarkers for vaccine efficacy and protection. This could guide future efforts in equine vaccine development and strategies to prevent EHV-1 transmission and disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA, Raza F, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. (2019). An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease. J Virol, 93(22), e01011-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01011-19

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 93
Issue: 22
PII: e01011-19

Researcher Affiliations

Schnabel, Christiane L
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Babasyan, Susanna
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Rollins, Alicia
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Freer, Heather
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Wimer, Christine L
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Perkins, Gillian A
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Raza, Fahad
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
  • Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Wagner, Bettina
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA bw73@cornell.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Administration, Intranasal / methods
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Female
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / metabolism
  • Herpesvirus Vaccines / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Nasal Mucosa / virology
  • Open Reading Frames
  • Rhadinovirus / immunology
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Viremia / immunology
  • Virulence
  • Virus Shedding / immunology

References

This article includes 55 references
  1. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):450-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.xpubmed: 19645832google scholar: lookup
  2. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Akana N, Barnett C, MacKenzie C, Gaughan E, Craig B, Chappell D, Vaala W. Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014.. Vet Rec 2016 Jan 16;178(3):70.
    pubmed: 26607427doi: 10.1136/vr.103424google scholar: lookup
  3. Goehring LS, Wagner B, Bigbie R, Hussey SB, Rao S, Morley PS, Lunn DP. Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines.. Vaccine 2010 Jul 19;28(32):5203-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.065pubmed: 20538091google scholar: lookup
  4. Goodman LB, Wagner B, Flaminio MJ, Sussman KH, Metzger SM, Holland R, Osterrieder N. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1).. Vaccine 2006 Apr 24;24(17):3636-45.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.062pubmed: 16513225google scholar: lookup
  5. Goodman LB, Wimer C, Dubovi EJ, Gold C, Wagner B. Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Feb;19(2):235-41.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.05522-11pmc: PMC3272919pubmed: 22205656google scholar: lookup
  6. USDA-APHIS. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy: a potentially emerging disease. 2007.
  7. Equine Disease Communication Center. Disease outbreak alerts. 2019.
  8. Matsumura T, O'Callaghan DJ, Kondo T, Kamada M. Lack of virulence of the murine fibroblast adapted strain, Kentucky A (KyA), of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in young horses.. Vet Microbiol 1996 Feb;48(3-4):353-65.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(09)59999-3pubmed: 9054131google scholar: lookup
  9. Soboll G, Hussey SB, Whalley JM, Allen GP, Koen MT, Santucci N, Fraser DG, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):81-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011pubmed: 16549215google scholar: lookup
  10. Matsumura T, Kondo T, Sugita S, Damiani AM, O'Callaghan DJ, Imagawa H. An equine herpesvirus type 1 recombinant with a deletion in the gE and gI genes is avirulent in young horses.. Virology 1998 Mar 1;242(1):68-79.
    doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8984pubmed: 9501037google scholar: lookup
  11. Wagner B, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Keggan A, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S. Neonatal Immunization with a Single IL-4/Antigen Dose Induces Increased Antibody Responses after Challenge Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) at Weanling Age.. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0169072.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169072pmc: PMC5207648pubmed: 28045974google scholar: lookup
  12. Breathnach CC, Yeargan MR, Sheoran AS, Allen GP. The mucosal humoral immune response of the horse to infective challenge and vaccination with equine herpesvirus-1 antigens.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):651-7.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249318pubmed: 11770985google scholar: lookup
  13. Van de Walle GR, May MA, Peters ST, Metzger SM, Rosas CT, Osterrieder N. A vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine elicits protective immune responses against EHV-1 and H3N8 equine influenza virus.. Vaccine 2010 Jan 22;28(4):1048-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.123pubmed: 19897066google scholar: lookup
  14. Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares.. Vaccine 2001 Jul 20;19(30):4307-17.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00131-1pubmed: 11457558google scholar: lookup
  15. Patel JR, Bateman H, Williams J, Didlick S. Derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and respiratory disease due to EHV-1.. Vet Microbiol 2003 Jan 2;91(1):23-39.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00259-6pubmed: 12441229google scholar: lookup
  16. Ruitenberg KM, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein D DNA inoculation in horses with pre-existing EHV-1/EHV-4 antibody.. Vet Microbiol 2000 Sep 25;76(2):117-27.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00237-6pubmed: 10946142google scholar: lookup
  17. Wagner B, Goodman LB, Babasyan S, Freer H, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S, Perkins GA. Antibody and cellular immune responses of naïve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine.. Vaccine 2015 Oct 13;33(42):5588-5597.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.009pubmed: 26384446google scholar: lookup
  18. Wimer CL, Schnabel CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Stout AE, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Wagner B. The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses.. PLoS One 2018;13(11):e0206679.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206679pmc: PMC6237298pubmed: 30440016google scholar: lookup
  19. Schnabel CL, Wimer CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Watts C, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity.. BMC Vet Res 2018 Aug 22;14(1):245.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1563-4pmc: PMC6106926pubmed: 30134896google scholar: lookup
  20. Kydd JH, Townsend HG, Hannant D. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: the virus and its vaccines.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):15-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.005pubmed: 16476492google scholar: lookup
  21. Kydd JH, Wattrang E, Hannant D. Pre-infection frequencies of equine herpesvirus-1 specific, cytotoxic T lymphocytes correlate with protection against abortion following experimental infection of pregnant mares.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Dec 15;96(3-4):207-17.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.004pubmed: 14592733google scholar: lookup
  22. Kydd JH, Smith KC, Hannant D, Livesay GJ, Mumford JA. Distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue: implications for cellular immunity.. Equine Vet J 1994 Nov;26(6):470-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04052.xpubmed: 7889921google scholar: lookup
  23. Allen GP. Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Dec;69(12):1595-600.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1595pubmed: 19046006google scholar: lookup
  24. Allen G, Yeargan M, Costa LR, Cross R. Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in horses infected with equine herpesvirus 1.. J Virol 1995 Jan;69(1):606-12.
    pmc: PMC188619pubmed: 7983765doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.1.606-612.1995google scholar: lookup
  25. Paillot R, Daly JM, Juillard V, Minke JM, Hannant D, Kydd JH. Equine interferon gamma synthesis in lymphocytes after in vivo infection and in vitro stimulation with EHV-1.. Vaccine 2005 Aug 22;23(36):4541-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.048pubmed: 15913852google scholar: lookup
  26. Paillot R, Ellis SA, Daly JM, Audonnet JC, Minke JM, Davis-Poynter N, Hannant D, Kydd JH. Characterisation of CTL and IFN-gamma synthesis in ponies following vaccination with a NYVAC-based construct coding for EHV-1 immediate early gene, followed by challenge infection.. Vaccine 2006 Mar 6;24(10):1490-500.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.019pubmed: 16269205google scholar: lookup
  27. Paillot R, Daly JM, Luce R, Montesso F, Davis-Poynter N, Hannant D, Kydd JH. Frequency and phenotype of EHV-1 specific, IFN-gamma synthesising lymphocytes in ponies: the effects of age, pregnancy and infection.. Dev Comp Immunol 2007;31(2):202-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.05.010pubmed: 16824599google scholar: lookup
  28. Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Lunn DP, Antczak DF, Azab W, Balasuriya U, Barnett C, Brosnahan M, Cook C, Damiani A, Elton D, Frampton A, Gilkerson J, Goehring L, Horohov D, Maxwell L, Minke J, Morley P, Nauwynck H, Newton R, Perkins G, Pusterla N, Soboll-Hussey G, Traub-Dargatz J, Townsend H, Van de Walle GR, Wagner B. Third International Havemeyer Workshop on Equine Herpesvirus type 1.. Equine Vet J 2012 Sep;44(5):513-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00604.xpubmed: 22888774google scholar: lookup
  29. Kydd JH, Smith KC, Hannant D, Livesay GJ, Mumford JA. Distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the respiratory tract of ponies: implications for vaccination strategies.. Equine Vet J 1994 Nov;26(6):466-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04051.xpubmed: 7889920google scholar: lookup
  30. Breathnach CC, Yeargan MR, Timoney JF, Allen GP. Detection of equine herpesvirus-specific effector and memory cytotoxic immunity in the equine upper respiratory tract.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):117-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.014pubmed: 16472871google scholar: lookup
  31. Perkins G, Babasyan S, Stout AE, Freer H, Rollins A, Wimer CL, Wagner B. Intranasal IgG4/7 antibody responses protect horses against equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection including nasal virus shedding and cell-associated viremia.. Virology 2019 May;531:219-232.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.014pubmed: 30928700google scholar: lookup
  32. Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Immunization with Attenuated Equine Herpesvirus 1 Strain KyA Induces Innate Immune Responses That Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge.. J Virol 2016 Sep 15;90(18):8090-104.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00986-16pmc: PMC5008086pubmed: 27356904google scholar: lookup
  33. Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant.. Vet Res 2011 Feb 7;42(1):23.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23pmc: PMC3045331pubmed: 21314906google scholar: lookup
  34. Hübert PH, Birkenmaier S, Rziha HJ, Osterrieder N. Alterations in the equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) strain RacH during attenuation.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1996 Mar;43(1):1-14.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00282.xpubmed: 8919964google scholar: lookup
  35. Hussey GS, Goehring LS, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Powell C, Hand J, Holz C, Slater J. Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions.. Vet Res 2013 Dec 5;44(1):118.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-118pmc: PMC4028784pubmed: 24308772google scholar: lookup
  36. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018pubmed: 15993786google scholar: lookup
  37. American Association of Equine Practitioners. Equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis). 2015.
  38. Patel JR, Földi J, Bateman H, Williams J, Didlick S, Stark R. Equid herpesvirus (EHV-1) live vaccine strain C147: efficacy against respiratory diseases following EHV types 1 and 4 challenges.. Vet Microbiol 2003 Mar 20;92(1-2):1-17.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00358-9pubmed: 12488066google scholar: lookup
  39. Bagga B, Cehelsky JE, Vaishnaw A, Wilkinson T, Meyers R, Harrison LM, Roddam PL, Walsh EE, DeVincenzo JP. Effect of Preexisting Serum and Mucosal Antibody on Experimental Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Challenge and Infection of Adults.. J Infect Dis 2015 Dec 1;212(11):1719-25.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv281pubmed: 25977264google scholar: lookup
  40. Pusterla N, Hussey GS. Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014 Dec;30(3):489-506.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.006pubmed: 25300635google scholar: lookup
  41. Nugent J, Paillot R. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy: unravelling the enigma.. Vet J 2009 Jun;180(3):271-2.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.12.002pubmed: 19141371google scholar: lookup
  42. Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: the importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jun 16;143(1):21-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.010pubmed: 20202764google scholar: lookup
  43. Wimer CL, Damiani A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type-1 modulates CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 chemokine expression.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Apr 15;140(3-4):266-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.009pubmed: 21349590google scholar: lookup
  44. Edington N, Bridges CG, Patel JR. Endothelial cell infection and thrombosis in paralysis caused by equid herpesvirus-1: equine stroke.. Arch Virol 1986;90(1-2):111-24.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01314149pubmed: 3015074google scholar: lookup
  45. Pusterla N, David Wilson W, Madigan JE, Ferraro GL. Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: a review of recent developments.. Vet J 2009 Jun;180(3):279-89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.004pubmed: 18805030google scholar: lookup
  46. Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B, Kydd JH, Palù G, Smith KC, Osterrieder N, Davis-Poynter N. A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity.. PLoS Pathog 2007 Nov;3(11):e160.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030160pmc: PMC2065875pubmed: 17997600google scholar: lookup
  47. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis-Poynter N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):4047-60.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.4047-4060.2006pmc: PMC1440451pubmed: 16571821google scholar: lookup
  48. Ma G, Feineis S, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Identification and characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 and its role in virus-induced downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I.. J Virol 2012 Apr;86(7):3554-63.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.06994-11pmc: PMC3302497pubmed: 22278226google scholar: lookup
  49. Furr M, Reed S. Equine neurology. 2015.
    doi: 10.1002/9781118993712google scholar: lookup
  50. Elia G, Decaro N, Martella V, Campolo M, Desario C, Lorusso E, Cirone F, Buonavoglia C. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 by real time PCR.. J Virol Methods 2006 Apr;133(1):70-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.024pubmed: 16309751google scholar: lookup
  51. Wagner B, Freer H. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Feb 15;127(3-4):242-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.313pubmed: 19027964google scholar: lookup
  52. Schnabel CL, Wemette M, Babasyan S, Freer H, Baldwin C, Wagner B. C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) production in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified by newly generated monoclonal antibodies.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018 Oct;204:28-39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.09.003pubmed: 30596378google scholar: lookup
  53. Wagner B, Ainsworth DM, Freer H. Analysis of soluble CD14 and its use as a biomarker in neonatal foals with septicemia and horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013 Sep 1;155(1-2):124-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.018pubmed: 23810420google scholar: lookup
  54. Wagner B, Burton A, Ainsworth D. Interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 production by T helper cells reveals intact Th1 and regulatory TR1 cell activation and a delay of the Th2 cell response in equine neonates and foals.. Vet Res 2010 Jul-Aug;41(4):47.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010019pmc: PMC2865874pubmed: 20374696google scholar: lookup
  55. Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Wimer C, Freer H, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Maternal T-lymphocytes in equine colostrum express a primarily inflammatory phenotype.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Oct 15;161(3-4):141-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.009pubmed: 25174977google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 18 times.
  1. Klouth E, Zablotski Y, Petersen JL, de Bruijn M, Gröndahl G, Müller S, Goehring LS. Epidemiological Aspects of Equid Herpesvirus-Associated Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) Outbreaks. Viruses 2022 Nov 21;14(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v14112576pubmed: 36423188google scholar: lookup
  2. Guarino C, Larson E, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Joshi LR, Laverack M, Parrilla L, Plocharczyk E, Diel DG, Wagner B. Development of a quantitative COVID-19 multiplex assay and its use for serological surveillance in a low SARS-CoV-2 incidence community. PLoS One 2022;17(1):e0262868.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262868pubmed: 35061843google scholar: lookup
  3. Warda FF, Ahmed HES, Shafik NG, Mikhael CA, Abd-ElAziz HMG, Mohammed WA, Shosha EA. Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine. Vet World 2021 Jul;14(7):1815-1821.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821pubmed: 34475703google scholar: lookup
  4. Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs. Viruses 2020 Sep 8;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v12090999pubmed: 32911663google scholar: lookup
  5. Cooper CJ, Arroyo LG, Hammermueller JD, Botts MM, Pearl DL, Wootton SK, Lillie BN. Molecular prevalence of equine alphaherpesvirus-1 shedding in healthy broodmares in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 2026 Jan;90(1):16-24.
    pubmed: 41585008
  6. Kutumbetov L, Myrzakhmetova B, Tussipova A, Zhapparova G, Tlenchiyeva T, Bissenbayeva K, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A. Development and Preclinical Evaluation of a Lyophilized Vaccine Against Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4). Vaccines (Basel) 2025 May 31;13(6).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines13060604pubmed: 40573935google scholar: lookup
  7. Wagner B, Schnabel CL, Rollins A. Increase in Virus-Specific Mucosal Antibodies in the Upper Respiratory Tract Following Intramuscular Vaccination of Previously Exposed Horses Against Equine Herpesvirus Type-1/4. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Mar 10;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines13030290pubmed: 40266191google scholar: lookup
  8. Pradhan SS, Balena V, Bera BC, Anand T, Khetmalis R, Madhwal A, Kandasamy S, Pavulraj S, Bernela M, Mor P, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Multiple Gene Deletion Mutants of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Exhibit Strong Protective Efficacy Against Wild Virus Challenge in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Jan 8;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines13010045pubmed: 39852824google scholar: lookup
  9. Holmes CM, Wagner B. Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses 2024 Sep 25;16(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v16101514pubmed: 39459849google scholar: lookup
  10. Nishimura F, Fukushi N, Sakai H, Fukushi H. Attenuation of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4p in hamsters by a single amino acid mutation (D752N) in viral DNA polymerase ORF30. J Vet Med Sci 2024 Dec 1;86(12):1273-1278.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.24-0338pubmed: 39384384google scholar: lookup
  11. Holmes CM, Babasyan S, Eady N, Schnabel CL, Wagner B. Immune horses rapidly increase antileukoproteinase and lack type I interferon secretion during mucosal innate immune responses against equine herpesvirus type 1. Microbiol Spectr 2024 Oct 3;12(10):e0109224.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01092-24pubmed: 39162558google scholar: lookup
  12. Hu Y, Wu G, Jia Q, Zhang B, Sun W, Sa R, Zhang S, Cai W, Jarhen, Ran D, Liu J. Development of a live attenuated vaccine candidate for equid alphaherpesvirus 1 control: a step towards efficient protection. Front Immunol 2024;15:1408510.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408510pubmed: 39021566google scholar: lookup
  13. Jentsch MC, Keilhaue A, Wagner B, Rhyner C, Lübke S, Karagulyan M, Arnold C, Lohmann KL, Schnabel CL. Aspergillus fumigatus binding IgA and IgG1 are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with neutrophilic asthma. Front Immunol 2024;15:1406794.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406794pubmed: 38953030google scholar: lookup
  14. Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987pubmed: 38767608google scholar: lookup
  15. Eady NA, Holmes C, Schnabel C, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) replication at the upper respiratory entry site is inhibited by neutralizing EHV-1-specific IgG1 and IgG4/7 mucosal antibodies. J Virol 2024 Jun 13;98(6):e0025024.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.00250-24pubmed: 38742875google scholar: lookup
  16. Soboll-Hussey G, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross P, Neinast C, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Lunn DP. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1872-1891.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16948pubmed: 38069576google scholar: lookup
  17. Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1765-1791.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16958pubmed: 38069548google scholar: lookup
  18. Osterrieder K, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring LS, Gross P, Neinast C, Pusterla N, Hussey GS, Lunn DP. Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1858-1871.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16895pubmed: 37930113google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.