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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Parasitol / An update on Sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and e...
Veterinary parasitology2015; 209(1-2); 1-42; doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.026

An update on Sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).

Abstract: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious disease of horses, and its management continues to be a challenge for veterinarians. The protozoan Sarcocystis neurona is most commonly associated with EPM. S. neurona has emerged as a common cause of mortality in marine mammals, especially sea otters (Enhydra lutris). EPM-like illness has also been recorded in several other mammals, including domestic dogs and cats. This paper updates S. neurona and EPM information from the last 15 years on the advances regarding life cycle, molecular biology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control.
Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Publication Date: 2015-02-07 PubMed ID: 25737052PubMed Central: PMC4461864DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.026Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research presents updated information regarding the protozoan Sarcocystis neurona, the most common cause of the disease Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses. Covering the last 15 years, the paper highlights key advancements in the understanding of this pathogen’s life cycle, its molecular biology, its epidemiology and the most common symptoms, diagnosis techniques, and treatments used in its control.

Protozoan Sarcocystis neurona and EPM

  • The main focus of this research is the protozoan Sarcocystis neurona, which is predominantly responsible for causing the disease Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses.
  • EPM is a serious disease in horses that affects the central nervous system. Its management has proven to be challenging for veterinarians, mainly because of the complexity and diversity of its clinical manifestations.

Life Cycle and Molecular Biology of S. neurona

  • The paper discusses the latest advancements in our understanding of the life cycle of S. neurona. This knowledge is critical because it helps in the design of more effective treatment strategies and preventive measures.
  • Vital information on the molecular biology of S. neurona is also provided. This includes data concerning the genetic makeup of this protozoan and some of the molecular mechanisms it employs to infect its hosts.

Epidemiology of S. neurona

  • The research provides updated epidemiological data on S. neurona. These include information about its incidence, geographical distribution, and potential relationships with various environmental and historical factors.
  • Interestingly, besides horses, it is reported that S. neurona is becoming increasingly prevalent as a cause of mortality among marine mammals, particularly sea otters. Cases of a similar disease to EPM have also been observed in domestic dogs and cats.

Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of EPM

  • In terms of diagnosing EPM, the researchers list the common clinical signs of the disease. Understanding these signs is crucial in the early identification and treatment of the disease.
  • The paper also discusses recent developments in diagnostic techniques and treatment approaches to EPM. The goal of this section is to highlight new methods and technologies that may stand to improve the accuracy of diagnostics and the efficacy of treatments.
  • Lastly, the research focuses on the control of EPM, outlining the measures that can be taken to limit the spread of S. neurona and to prevent the onset of the disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Dubey JP, Howe DK, Furr M, Saville WJ, Marsh AE, Reed SM, Grigg ME. (2015). An update on Sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Vet Parasitol, 209(1-2), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.026

Publication

Veterinary parasitology
ISSN: 1873-2550
NlmUniqueID: 7602745
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 209
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 1-42
PII: S0304-4017(15)00044-8

Researcher Affiliations

Dubey, J P
  • United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Electronic address: Jitender.dubey@ars.usda.gov.
Howe, D K
  • M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
Furr, M
  • Marion du Pont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 17690 Old Waterford Road, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA.
Saville, W J
  • Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Marsh, A E
  • Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Reed, S M
  • Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
Grigg, M E
  • Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, 4 Center Drive, Room B1-06, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antiprotozoal Agents / therapeutic use
  • Encephalomyelitis / diagnosis
  • Encephalomyelitis / drug therapy
  • Encephalomyelitis / parasitology
  • Encephalomyelitis / pathology
  • Encephalomyelitis / veterinary
  • Protozoan Infections, Animal / diagnosis
  • Protozoan Infections, Animal / drug therapy
  • Protozoan Infections, Animal / parasitology
  • Protozoan Infections, Animal / pathology
  • Sarcocystis / classification
  • Sarcocystosis / diagnosis
  • Sarcocystosis / drug therapy
  • Sarcocystosis / pathology
  • Sarcocystosis / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • Z01 AI001018-01 / Intramural NIH HHS

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Citations

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