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Bulletin of the World Health Organization1983; 61(1); 153-158;

Analysis of antigenic variation in equine 2 influenza A viruses.

Abstract: Influenza outbreaks involving viruses of the H3N8 subtype (equine 2) often occur in vaccinated horses. For this reason, a series of influenza viruses of the H3N8 subtype were examined to determine if antigenic variation could be detected in isolates during the period 1963-81. Antigenic analyses with post-infection ferret sera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the haemagglutinins of recent isolates were antigenically distinguishable from the prototype A/eq/Miami/1/63 and that antigenically distinguishable groups of equine 2 viruses co-circulate in the horse population. Based on these studies, it is recommended that a recent equine strain, A/equine/Fontainebleu/1/79 or A/equine/Kentucky/1/81, serve as an additional prototype strain for this subtype.Antigenic variation in equine 2 viruses may be of epidemiological significance, yet the overall conservation of these strains makes it unlikely that vaccine failures can be attributed solely to antigenic changes in these viruses. A sufficiently potent vaccine, containing a current representative of the most prevalent equine 2 strain, may improve the protection afforded by equine vaccines.
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Publication Date: 1983-01-01 PubMed ID: 6601538PubMed Central: PMC2536062
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The article investigates possible changes in equine 2 influenza A viruses’ antigens to explain why vaccinated horses often experience influenza. The study suggests a newer strain be used in vaccines and further exploration is needed to fully understand vaccine failures.

Research Background

  • This research was undertaken due to ongoing influenza outbreaks among vaccinated horses.
  • The viruses responsible are typically of the H3N8 subtype, known as equine 2.
  • The possibility that the antigens, or proteins that trigger an immune response, of this virus could change or vary over time was considered as a possible explanation for these outbreaks.

Methodology

  • A series of influenza viruses of the H3N8 subtype were examined on the molecular level between 1963 and 1981.
  • The viruses were tested using post-infection ferret sera and monoclonal antibodies which would react to the antigens present.
  • The focus was on determining if the haemagglutinins, a type of antigen on the surface of the virus, were different in newer isolates compared to the prototype A/eq/Miami/1/63 virus.

Findings

  • The research found that recent H3N8 viruses were antigenically distinguishable from the prototype suggesting some degree of variation over time.
  • It was found that different groups of antigenically distinguishable equine 2 viruses were circulating in the horse population at the same time.
  • Despite these changes, the overall structure of the virus strains remained largely conserved or unchanged.

Implications

  • The study concludes that antigenic diversity may be significant from an epidemiological perspective but is unlikely to be solely responsible for vaccine failures.
  • It is suggested that including a current representative of the most prevalent equine 2 strain in the vaccine might improve its effectiveness.
  • A particular emphasis is put on recent strains, such as A/equine/Fontainebleu/1/79 or A/equine/Kentucky/1/81, which should be used as prototype strains.

Cite This Article

APA
Hinshaw VS, Naeve CW, Webster RG, Douglas A, Skehel JJ, Bryans J. (1983). Analysis of antigenic variation in equine 2 influenza A viruses. Bull World Health Organ, 61(1), 153-158.

Publication

Bulletin of the World Health Organization
ISSN: 0042-9686
NlmUniqueID: 7507052
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 61
Issue: 1
Pages: 153-158

Researcher Affiliations

Hinshaw, V S
    Naeve, C W
      Webster, R G
        Douglas, A
          Skehel, J J
            Bryans, J

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Antigens, Viral / analysis
              • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
              • Influenza A virus / immunology
              • Mice
              • Rabbits

              Grant Funding

              • AI-02649 / NIAID NIH HHS
              • CA-21765 / NCI NIH HHS

              References

              This article includes 9 references
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              Citations

              This article has been cited 9 times.
              1. El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
                doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060855pubmed: 35746463google scholar: lookup
              2. Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
                doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030501pubmed: 32899189google scholar: lookup
              3. Collins PJ, Vachieri SG, Haire LF, Ogrodowicz RW, Martin SR, Walker PA, Xiong X, Gamblin SJ, Skehel JJ. Recent evolution of equine influenza and the origin of canine influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Jul 29;111(30):11175-80.
                doi: 10.1073/pnas.1406606111pubmed: 25024224google scholar: lookup
              4. Lewis NS, Daly JM, Russell CA, Horton DL, Skepner E, Bryant NA, Burke DF, Rash AS, Wood JL, Chambers TM, Fouchier RA, Mumford JA, Elton DM, Smith DJ. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007. J Virol 2011 Dec;85(23):12742-9.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.05319-11pubmed: 21937642google scholar: lookup
              5. Koelle K, Khatri P, Kamradt M, Kepler TB. A two-tiered model for simulating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of rapidly evolving viruses, with an application to influenza. J R Soc Interface 2010 Sep 6;7(50):1257-74.
                doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0007pubmed: 20335193google scholar: lookup
              6. Binns MM, Daly JM, Chirnside ED, Mumford JA, Wood JM, Richards CM, Daniels RS. Genetic and antigenic analysis of an equine influenza H 3 isolate from the 1989 epidemic. Arch Virol 1993;130(1-2):33-43.
                doi: 10.1007/BF01318994pubmed: 8503788google scholar: lookup
              7. Bogdan JR, Morley PS, Townsend HG, Haines DM. Effect of influenza A/equine/H3N8 virus isolate variation on the measurement of equine antibody responses. Can J Vet Res 1993 Apr;57(2):126-30.
                pubmed: 8387870
              8. Mumford JA, Wilson H, Hannant D, Jessett DM. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of equine influenza vaccines containing a Carbomer adjuvant. Epidemiol Infect 1994 Apr;112(2):421-37.
                doi: 10.1017/s0950268800057848pubmed: 8150017google scholar: lookup
              9. Appleton JA, Antczak DF, Lopes AD. Characterization of the equine influenza virus H3 with monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 1987;94(3-4):339-46.
                doi: 10.1007/BF01310728pubmed: 2437891google scholar: lookup
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