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Home / Equine Research Bank / Pathogens / Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus.
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2020; 9(12); 1073; doi: 10.3390/pathogens9121073

Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.
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Publication Date: 2020-12-21 PubMed ID: 33371384PubMed Central: PMC7767344DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121073Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the status of West Nile Virus vaccines in animals, especially horses and birds, and humans, including the challenges faced in their clinical development and marketing.

Overview of West Nile Virus

  • The West Nile virus (WNV) is an enveloped flavivirus globally disseminated and transported by mosquitoes, with birds serving as its primary hosts.
  • WNV infrequently affects equids (horses) and humans despite causing serious economic and health-related issues. These pressures arise from the severe neuroinvasive disease it can cause in the infected individuals which might lead to death.
  • Presently, there is no targeted therapy developed for treating WNV, and vaccines are approved only for use with horses and are not licensed for human use.

Vaccine Development for West Nile Virus

  • Many methodologies have been successfully adopted in creating vaccines for WNV, reducing its prevalence in horses in the U.S significantly.
  • However, no methodology has advanced to Phase III clinical trials for developing human vaccines, indicating the challenges that exist in the progress of clinical development and introduction of these vaccines into the market.

Status of West Nile Virus Vaccines for Different Species

  • This article provides a comprehensive update on the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans.
  • It highlights that while vaccines have been approved and are in use for horses, the circumstances are different for humans where no vaccine has reached a stage of development for market readiness.
  • There is also a discussion about the vaccines for birds, showing the distinct progress of vaccine development for different species against WNV.

Challenges in Vaccines Clinical Development and Marketing

  • This review article also discusses the difficulties faced in the clinical advancement of WNV vaccines, highlighting the barriers that have stopped human vaccines from progressing to Phase III clinical trials.
  • The paper also centres on the challenges in introducing these vaccines to the market, emphasizing the disparities between the vaccine development for different species and the market readiness of these vaccines, particularly in the case of humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Saiz JC. (2020). Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus. Pathogens, 9(12), 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121073

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 12
PII: 1073

Researcher Affiliations

Saiz, Juan-Carlos
  • Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Grant Funding

  • RTA2015-00009-00-00 and E-RTA2017-00003-C02-01 / Instituto Nacional de Investigaciu00f3n y Tecnologu00eda Agraria y Alimentaria
  • E-RTA2017-00003-C02-01 / Instituto Nacional de Investigaciu00f3n y Tecnologu00eda Agraria y Alimentaria
  • S2018/BAA-4370-ZOOVIR (PLATESA2-CM) / Comunidad de Madrid

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author declares no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the manuscript.

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This article has been cited 12 times.
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