FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Anti-Inflammatory State in Arabian Horses Introduced to the ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2019; 9(9); 616; doi: 10.3390/ani9090616

Anti-Inflammatory State in Arabian Horses Introduced to the Endurance Training.

Abstract: Development of an anti-inflammatory state during physical training has been postulated in both human and equine athletes, but it is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether endurance training changes pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles within a 20-week training season in young inexperienced endurance horses. Nine Arabian horses were examined in this prospective 20-week follow-up study. Blood samples were analysed 5 times monthly, at rest and after training sessions. Routine haematological examinations were performed. Cytokine patterns including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 mRNA expression using Real Time-PCR, and serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, INFγ, TNF-α, and IL-10 by ELISA test were determined. During endurance training, the most significant decrease in post-exercise cytokine type 1 levels (TNFα and IL-β) occurred within 20 weeks, beginning from the 3rd month of training. IL-6 serum level decreased after the 4th month. The results suggest that endurance training can induce advanced overall anti-inflammatory response as an adaptation to increasing workload.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-08-27 PubMed ID: 31462005PubMed Central: PMC6769738DOI: 10.3390/ani9090616Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the development of an anti-inflammatory state in Arabian horses due to endurance training over a 20-week period. Patterns in the changes of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed to better understand this phenomenon.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The study was a prospective 20-week follow-up participated in by nine Arabian horses.
  • The horses were young and inexperienced in endurance training, providing a fresh canvas for the study.
  • Blood samples were collected five times monthly, both at rest and post-training, and analyzed for cytokine profiles and routine haematological examinations.
  • Specific cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, were observed for their mRNA expression using Real Time-PCR.
  • In addition, serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, INFγ, TNF-α, and IL-10 were determined by performing an ELISA test.

Key Findings

  • Observations from the study revealed a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine type 1 levels (TNFα and IL-β) post-exercise.
  • This reduction was noted within the duration of 20 weeks, with a notable downward shift commencing from the 3rd month of training.
  • Another crucial finding was the decrease in the IL-6 serum level after the fourth month of the training program.

Conclusion and Implication

  • The study concludes that endurance training leads to a significant decrease in the levels of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • This suggests the development of an anti-inflammatory state as a physiological adaptation to increasing workloads.
  • The research provides valuable insight into the adaptive immune response of horses to endurance training. This could be key in understanding and improving animal athletic performance and recovery strategies in equestrian sports.

Cite This Article

APA
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szarska E, Szczepaniak J, Nowak Z, Winnicka A, Cywińska A. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory State in Arabian Horses Introduced to the Endurance Training. Animals (Basel), 9(9), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090616

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 9
PII: 616

Researcher Affiliations

Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, Olga
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland. olga.witkowska.pilaszewicz@gmail.com.
Bąska, Piotr
  • Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Czopowicz, Michał
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Żmigrodzka, Magdalena
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Szarska, Ewa
  • Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
Szczepaniak, Jarosław
  • Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Nowak, Zuzanna
  • Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Winnicka, Anna
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Cywińska, Anna
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland. anna_cywinska@sggw.pl.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 62 references
  1. Patterson-Kane JC, Rich T. Achilles tendon injuries in elite athletes: lessons in pathophysiology from their equine counterparts.. ILAR J 2014;55(1):86-99.
    doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilu004pubmed: 24936032google scholar: lookup
  2. Page AE, Stewart JC, Fielding CL, Horohov DW. The Effect of a 160-Kilometer Competitive Endurance Ride on Inflammatory Marker mRNA Expression in Horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2019 Aug;79:45-49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.017pubmed: 31405499google scholar: lookup
  3. Evans D. Training and Fitness in Athletic Horses. .
  4. Knechtle B. Ultramarathon runners: nature or nurture?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012 Dec;7(4):310-2.
    doi: 10.1123/ijspp.7.4.310pubmed: 23197583google scholar: lookup
  5. Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running.. Front Physiol 2018;9:634.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00634pmc: PMC5992463pubmed: 29910741google scholar: lookup
  6. Nielsen BD, Turner KK, Ventura BA, Woodward AD, O'Connor CI. Racing speeds of quarter horses, thoroughbreds and Arabians.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):128-32.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05528.xpubmed: 17402407google scholar: lookup
  7. Castejón F, Rubio D, Tovar P, Vinuesa M, Riber C. A comparative study of aerobic capacity and fitness in three different horse breeds (Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian).. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1994 Nov;41(9):645-52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1994.tb00132.xpubmed: 7732742google scholar: lookup
  8. Gruys E, Toussaint MJ, Niewold TA, Koopmans SJ. Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins.. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005 Nov;6(11):1045-56.
    doi: 10.1631/jzus.2005.B1045pmc: PMC1390650pubmed: 16252337google scholar: lookup
  9. Yoo JY, Desiderio S. Innate and acquired immunity intersect in a global view of the acute-phase response.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 Feb 4;100(3):1157-62.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0336385100pmc: PMC298743pubmed: 12540827google scholar: lookup
  10. Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH. Acute phase response in animals: a review.. Comp Med 2009 Dec;59(6):517-26.
    pmc: PMC2798837pubmed: 20034426
  11. Fallon KE. The acute phase response and exercise: the ultramarathon as prototype exercise.. Clin J Sport Med 2001 Jan;11(1):38-43.
    doi: 10.1097/00042752-200101000-00007pubmed: 11176144google scholar: lookup
  12. Cywinska A, Witkowski L, Szarska E, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses.. BMC Vet Res 2013 May 1;9:91.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-91pmc: PMC3655847pubmed: 23634727google scholar: lookup
  13. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 May 17;45(10):1563-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077pubmed: 15893167google scholar: lookup
  14. Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans.. J Physiol 1999 Feb 15;515 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):287-91.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.287ad.xpmc: PMC2269132pubmed: 9925898google scholar: lookup
  15. Liesen H, Dufaux B, Hollmann W. Modifications of serum glycoproteins the days following a prolonged physical exercise and the influence of physical training.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1977 Dec 22;37(4):243-54.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00430954pubmed: 74333google scholar: lookup
  16. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, Rost R. Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training.. Int J Sports Med 2000 Jan;21(1):21-4.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8852pubmed: 10683094google scholar: lookup
  17. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease.. Nat Rev Immunol 2011 Aug 5;11(9):607-15.
    doi: 10.1038/nri3041pubmed: 21818123google scholar: lookup
  18. Abbasi A, Hauth M, Walter M, Hudemann J, Wank V, Niess AM, Northoff H. Exhaustive exercise modifies different gene expression profiles and pathways in LPS-stimulated and un-stimulated whole blood cultures.. Brain Behav Immun 2014 Jul;39:130-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.023pubmed: 24513876google scholar: lookup
  19. Mukherjee K, Edgett BA, Burrows HW, Castro C, Griffin JL, Schwertani AG, Gurd BJ, Funk CD. Whole blood transcriptomics and urinary metabolomics to define adaptive biochemical pathways of high-intensity exercise in 50-60 year old masters athletes.. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e92031.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092031pmc: PMC3958411pubmed: 24643011google scholar: lookup
  20. Büttner P, Mosig S, Lechtermann A, Funke H, Mooren FC. Exercise affects the gene expression profiles of human white blood cells.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007 Jan;102(1):26-36.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00066.2006pubmed: 16990507google scholar: lookup
  21. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, Gleeson M, Woods JA, Bishop NC, Fleshner M, Green C, Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L, Rogers CJ, Northoff H, Abbasi A, Simon P. Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise.. Exerc Immunol Rev 2011;17:6-63.
    pubmed: 21446352
  22. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Potential impact of physical activity and sport on the immune system--a brief review.. Br J Sports Med 1994 Dec;28(4):247-55.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsm.28.4.247pmc: PMC1332085pubmed: 7894956google scholar: lookup
  23. Horohov D, Sinatra S, Raj M.D., Jankowit S, Betancourt A, Bloomer R.J. The Effect of Exercise and Nutritional Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Young Racehorses During Training. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:805–815.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.03.017google scholar: lookup
  24. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.. Methods 2001 Dec;25(4):402-8.
    doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262pubmed: 11846609google scholar: lookup
  25. Breathnach CC, Sturgill-Wright T, Stiltner JL, Adams AA, Lunn DP, Horohov DW. Foals are interferon gamma-deficient at birth.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Aug 15;112(3-4):199-209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.010pubmed: 16621024google scholar: lookup
  26. Betancourt A, Lyons ET, Horohov DW. Characterisation of the inflammatory cytokine response to anthelmintic treatment in ponies.. Equine Vet J 2015 Mar;47(2):240-4.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12280pubmed: 24750265google scholar: lookup
  27. Lang T.A., Secic M. How to Report Statistics in Medicine. 2006. p. 11.
  28. Brysbaert M, Stevens M. Power Analysis and Effect Size in Mixed Effects Models: A Tutorial.. J Cogn 2018 Jan 12;1(1):9.
    doi: 10.5334/joc.10pmc: PMC6646942pubmed: 31517183google scholar: lookup
  29. Hinchcliff H, Kaneps A, Geor R. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. 2013. pp. 923–928.
  30. Rose RJ, Hodgson DR. Haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in endurance horses during training.. Equine Vet J 1982 Apr;14(2):144-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02370.xpubmed: 7084199google scholar: lookup
  31. Adamu L, Adzahan N.M., Rasedee A, Ahmad B. Effects of Race Distance, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Endurance Horses. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2010;4:244–248.
    doi: 10.3844/ajavsp.2010.244.248google scholar: lookup
  32. Satué K, Hernández A, Muñoz A. Physiological Factors in the Interpretation of Equine Hematological Profile. 2012.
  33. Bahr R. Why screening tests to predict injury do not work-and probably never will…: a critical review.. Br J Sports Med 2016 Jul;50(13):776-80.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096256pubmed: 27095747google scholar: lookup
  34. Beiter T, Hoene M, Prenzler F, Mooren FC, Steinacker JM, Weigert C, Nieß AM, Munz B. Exercise, skeletal muscle and inflammation: ARE-binding proteins as key regulators in inflammatory and adaptive networks.. Exerc Immunol Rev 2015;21:42-57.
    pubmed: 25826388
  35. Toumi H, Best TM. The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury?. Br J Sports Med 2003 Aug;37(4):284-6.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsm.37.4.284pmc: PMC1724680pubmed: 12893707google scholar: lookup
  36. Gomez-Merino D, Drogou C, Guezennec CY, Burnat P, Bourrilhon C, Tomaszewski A, Milhau S, Chennaoui M. Comparison of systemic cytokine responses after a long distance triathlon and a 100-km run: relationship to metabolic and inflammatory processes.. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006 Jun;17(2):117-24.
    pubmed: 16840030
  37. Suzuki K, Peake J, Nosaka K, Okutsu M, Abbiss CR, Surriano R, Bishop D, Quod MJ, Lee H, Martin DT, Laursen PB. Changes in markers of muscle damage, inflammation and HSP70 after an Ironman Triathlon race.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006 Dec;98(6):525-34.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0296-4pubmed: 17031693google scholar: lookup
  38. Cywinska A, Turło A, Witkowski LSzarska E, Winnicka A. Changes in blood cytokine concentrations in horses after long-distance endurance rides. Med. Wet. 2014;70:568–571.
  39. Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PM. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry.. Vet Res 2004 Mar-Apr;35(2):163-87.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004002pubmed: 15099494google scholar: lookup
  40. Kent LW, Rahemtulla F, Hockett RD Jr, Gilleland RC, Michalek SM. Effect of lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines on interleukin-6 production by healthy human gingival fibroblasts.. Infect Immun 1998 Feb;66(2):608-14.
    pmc: PMC107947pubmed: 9453616doi: 10.1128/iai.66.2.608-614.1998google scholar: lookup
  41. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation.. Physiol Rev 2000 Jul;80(3):1055-81.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055pubmed: 10893431google scholar: lookup
  42. Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Keller P, Plomgaard P, Febbraio M, Saltin B. Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate?. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2003;24(2-3):113-9.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1026070911202pubmed: 14609022google scholar: lookup
  43. Pedersen BK. Muscular interleukin-6 and its role as an energy sensor.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012 Mar;44(3):392-6.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822f94acpubmed: 21799452google scholar: lookup
  44. Neubauer O, König D, Wagner KH. Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008 Oct;104(3):417-26.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0787-6pubmed: 18548269google scholar: lookup
  45. Robson-Ansley PJ, Blannin A, Gleeson M. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007 Mar;99(4):353-60.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0354-ypubmed: 17165057google scholar: lookup
  46. Tilg H, Trehu E, Atkins MB, Dinarello CA, Mier JW. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55.. Blood 1994 Jan 1;83(1):113-8.
    pubmed: 8274730
  47. Schindler R, Mancilla J, Endres S, Ghorbani R, Clark SC, Dinarello CA. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF.. Blood 1990 Jan 1;75(1):40-7.
    pubmed: 2294996
  48. Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans.. FASEB J 2003 May;17(8):884-6.
    doi: 10.1096/fj.02-0670fjepubmed: 12626436google scholar: lookup
  49. Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Møller K, Pedersen BK. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003 Aug;285(2):E433-7.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2003pubmed: 12857678google scholar: lookup
  50. Heijink IH, Vellenga E, Borger P, Postma DS, de Monchy JG, Kauffman HF. Interleukin-6 promotes the production of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 by interleukin-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms in freshly isolated human T cells.. Immunology 2002 Nov;107(3):316-24.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01501.xpmc: PMC1782800pubmed: 12423307google scholar: lookup
  51. Hart PH, Vitti GF, Burgess DR, Whitty GA, Piccoli DS, Hamilton JA. Potential antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: suppression of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and prostaglandin E2.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 May;86(10):3803-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3803pmc: PMC287229pubmed: 2786204google scholar: lookup
  52. Fenton MJ, Buras JA, Donnelly RP. IL-4 reciprocally regulates IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist expression in human monocytes.. J Immunol 1992 Aug 15;149(4):1283-8.
    pubmed: 1386862
  53. Lafreniere JF, Mills P, Bouchentouf M, Tremblay JP. Interleukin-4 improves the migration of human myogenic precursor cells in vitro and in vivo.. Exp Cell Res 2006 Apr 15;312(7):1127-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.002pubmed: 16466711google scholar: lookup
  54. Koh Y, Park KS. Responses of inflammatory cytokines following moderate intensity walking exercise in overweight or obese individuals.. J Exerc Rehabil 2017 Aug;13(4):472-476.
    doi: 10.12965/jer.1735066.533pmc: PMC5667627pubmed: 29114515google scholar: lookup
  55. Salamata K.M., Azarbayjanib A.M., Yusofc A, Dehghan F. The response of pre-inflammatory cytokines factors to different exercises (endurance, resistance, concurrent) in overweight men. Alex. J. Med. 2016;52:367–370.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.12.007google scholar: lookup
  56. Suzuki K, Naganuma S, Totsuka M, Suzuki KJ, Mochizuki M, Shiraishi M, Nakaji S, Sugawara K. Effects of exhaustive endurance exercise and its one-week daily repetition on neutrophil count and functional status in untrained men.. Int J Sports Med 1996 Apr;17(3):205-12.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972833pubmed: 8739575google scholar: lookup
  57. Dufaux B, Order U, Geyer H, Hollmann W. C-reactive protein serum concentrations in well-trained athletes.. Int J Sports Med 1984 Apr;5(2):102-6.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025889pubmed: 6715097google scholar: lookup
  58. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease.. Equine Vet J 2019 May;51(3):293-298.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13062pmc: PMC7163734pubmed: 30565319google scholar: lookup
  59. Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg-Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Carson JA, Brown A, Lee WJ, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS. Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003 May;94(5):1917-25.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01130.2002pubmed: 12533503google scholar: lookup
  60. Ostrowski K, Hermann C, Bangash A, Schjerling P, Nielsen JN, Pedersen BK. A trauma-like elevation of plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running.. J Physiol 1998 Dec 15;513 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):889-94.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.889ba.xpmc: PMC2231318pubmed: 9824725google scholar: lookup
  61. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease.. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014 Sep 4;6(10):a016295.
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295pmc: PMC4176007pubmed: 25190079google scholar: lookup
  62. Guo Y, Xiao P, Lei S, Deng F, Xiao GG, Liu Y, Chen X, Li L, Wu S, Chen Y, Jiang H, Tan L, Xie J, Zhu X, Liang S, Deng H. How is mRNA expression predictive for protein expression? A correlation study on human circulating monocytes.. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008 May;40(5):426-36.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00418.xpubmed: 18465028google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Bollinger L, Bartel A, Weber C, Gehlen H. Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides.. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 17;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13101670pubmed: 37238102google scholar: lookup
  2. Plisak U, Szczepaniak J, Żmigrodzka M, Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold B, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Changes in novel anti-infalmmatory cytokine concetration in the bood of endurance and race horses at different levels of training.. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023;21:418-424.
    doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.016pubmed: 36618977google scholar: lookup
  3. Araneda OF. Horse Racing as a Model to Study the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Physical Performance.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 28;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091139pubmed: 35565565google scholar: lookup
  4. Trela M, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domańska D, Kaczmarek MM, Pawliński B, Gajewski Z, Domino M. The Influence of Intravaginal Gestagens Treatment on the Morphological Features and Endometrial Steroid Hormone Receptors Content during Anestrus Type II in Dairy Cattle.. Int J Mol Sci 2022 Jan 22;23(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms23031235pubmed: 35163159google scholar: lookup
  5. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Szczepaniak J, Winnicka A. The Effect of the Clenbuterol-β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Proliferation, Phenotype, Functions, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Race Horses In Vitro.. Cells 2021 Apr 17;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/cells10040936pubmed: 33920705google scholar: lookup
  6. Maśko M, Domino M, Jasiński T, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. The Physical Activity-Dependent Hematological and Biochemical Changes in School Horses in Comparison to Blood Profiles in Endurance and Race Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 14;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11041128pubmed: 33920044google scholar: lookup
  7. Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Fazio F, Panzera M, Piccione G. Peripheral Modulators of the Central Fatigue Development and Their Relationship with Athletic Performance in Jumper Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 8;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030743pubmed: 33800520google scholar: lookup
  8. Logan AA, Nielsen BD. Training Young Horses: The Science behind the Benefits.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Feb 9;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11020463pubmed: 33572461google scholar: lookup
  9. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Winnicka A. The Effect of Physical Training on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Ex Vivo Proliferation, Differentiation, Activity, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Racehorses.. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020 Nov 20;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9111155pubmed: 33233549google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.