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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2020; 48(1); 25-34; doi: 10.1055/a-1067-3819

Arthrodesis of the equine proximal interphalangeal joint: a biomechanical comparison of 2 different LCP systems.

Abstract: This study compares the mechanical stability and surgical usability of 2 locking plate systems (Kyon ALPS-20 and Synthes PIP-LCP system) for arthrodesis of the equine proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ). Methods: The experimental ex vivo study included 6 pairs of cadaver distal limbs (n = 12). All specimens were derived from Warmblood horses of various ages that were euthanized for non-orthopedic reasons. Of the 12 limbs collected, 3 left and 3 right distal limb specimens were randomly assigned to each system for implantation. Two abaxial 4.5-mm cortical screws were inserted transarticularly in all cases. Both systems were implanted according to the manufacturer's instructions with the plates placed centrally between the 2 transarticular screws. The ALPS-20 systems were implanted using Kyon B-6.4-mm monocortical locking screws in all positions. The LCP systems were implanted axially using 2 Synthes 5-mm locking screws in the proximal and distal positions, with a standard 4.5-mm cortical screw inserted in the middle position. All constructs underwent CT-scans after implantation and biomechanical testing to detect implant deformation. Uniaxial mechanical loading was applied via a servo-hydraulic test system at a test speed of 50 mm/s, up to a maximum displacement of 80 mm. The resulting load-displacement curves were used to calculate yield point, stiffness, and maximum force for each construct. The measured values were evaluated for statistical significance (p 0.05). The ALPS system implants showed no signs of deformation, either in the plates or the screws. In contrast, the LCP demonstrated visible deformation, which had already occurred at the time of implantation from the tightening of the middle screw, as well as during the subsequent testing of the implants. After biomechanical testing, deformations ranging between 3.1° and 7.0° were measured in 4 LCPs. A total implant failure was observed for 2 LCPs. Conclusions: Both systems demonstrated comparable mechanical properties in the present study's ex vivo test model for equine PIJ arthrodesis. As such, the Kyon ALPS-20 may be a good alternative to the Synthes LCP for equine PIJ arthrodesis. Unassigned: Vergleich von mechanischer Stabilität und chirurgischer Handhabung von 2 Verriegelungsplatten-Systemen (ALPS-20, Kyon und PIP-LCP, Synthes) für die Arthrodese des proximalen Interphalangealgelenks beim Pferd. Methods: Für diese Ex-vivo-Studie standen 6 Beinpaare von adulten Warmblutpferden zur Verfügung, die aus einem nicht orthopädischen Grund euthanasiert wurden. Als chirurgische Technik für die Krongelenksarthrodese wurde eine axial angebrachte Verriegelungsplatte in Kombination mit 2 abaxialen transartikulären 4,5-mm-Kortikalisschrauben gewählt. Zur Fixation der ALPS-20-Platte dienten 3 monokortikal eingesetzte selbstschneidende 6,4-mm-Verriegelungsschrauben mit einer Länge von 28 mm. Die PIP-LCP wurde mit 3 bikortikalen Schrauben implantiert: 2 5,0-mm-Verriegelungsschrauben im proximalen und distalen Plattenloch und eine 4,5-mm-Kortikalisschraube im mittleren Loch. Die mechanische Testung der beiden Präparat-Implantat-Konstrukte erfolgte mit einer servohydraulischen Anlage bei einmaliger uniaxialer Belastung (Testgeschwindigkeit 50 mm/s, Belastungsamplitude 80 mm). Zur Dokumentation der Implantatdeformationen wurden alle Implantate sowohl nach der Implantierung als auch nach der biomechanischen Testung einer CT-Untersuchung auf Deformationen unterzogen. Anhand der resultierenden Belastung-Verlagerung-Kurven wurden Fließpunkt, Steifheit und maximale Belastung für jedes System berechnet. Zur Überprüfung der Messwerte auf statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (p 0,05). Bei ALPS-20-Implantaten wurden weder nach der Implantierung noch nach der Testung Deformationen festgestellt. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die PIP-LCPs Deformationen in der Längsachse schon zum Zeitpunkt der Implantation, nach dem Festziehen der Schraube im mittleren Plattenloch sowie bei der biomechanischen Testung. Nach der biomechanischen Testung wiesen 4 Platten Längsachsen-Biegungen zwischen 3,1° und 7,0° auf, in 2 Fällen kam es zu einem totalen Versagen. Unassigned: Die beiden Systeme wiesen vergleichbare mechanische Eigenschaften in Bezug auf Fließpunkt, Steifheit und maximale Belastung auf. Somit sollte das ALPS-20 für die Krongelenksarthrodese beim Pferd als gute Alternative zu dem PIP-LCP-System in Betracht gezogen werden.
Publication Date: 2020-02-14 PubMed ID: 32059234DOI: 10.1055/a-1067-3819Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Veterinary

Summary

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The research compares the effectiveness of two plate systems (Kyon ALPS-20 and Synthes PIP-LCP) used in the procedure to fuse the proximal joint of a horse’s foot bone and encompasses tests on cadaver limbs of horses. The study did not find significant differences between the two systems, but the Synthes PIP-LCP system showed more visible deformation post-implantation and during testing.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The study conducted was an experimental ex vivo study, meaning it was performed outside an organism—in this case, on cadaver limbs of euthanized Warmblood horses.
  • The researchers used 6 pairs (12 pieces) of distal limbs, randomizing which plate system would be used on each limb.
  • Both systems had two abaxial 4.5-mm cortical screws inserted across the joint, with plates placed centrally between screws as per manufacturer’s instructions.
  • The difference in assembly between the two systems was the type of screw used in different positions for plate attachment: the Kyon used 6.4mm monocortical screws, while the Synthes system used 5mm locking and 4.5mm cortical screws.

Biomechanical Testing and Measurements

  • After implantation, the specimens underwent computerized tomography (CT) scans to check for implant deformation before and after mechanical testing.
  • Uniaxial mechanical loading, which applies pressure in one direction, was then performed on all specimens to a maximum displacement of 80mm.
  • The researchers used yield point (the point beyond which deformation becomes permanent), stiffness, and maximum force as parameters to measure and compare the properties of the two systems.
  • Statistical significance was determined using one-factor ANOVA (Tukey test), a statistical tool that determines if there are any significant differences between two groups.

Results and Conclusions

  • The study failed to find any statistically significant difference between the two plate systems across all measured parameters.
  • Nonetheless, the Synthes PIP-LCP system showed visible deformation post-implantation and during testing, while the Kyon ALPS-20 system did not show signs of deformation.
  • 2 of the Synthes PIP-LCPs also failed totally after testing, ranging deformations from 3.1° to 7.0° in 4 of them.
  • In light of these findings, the conclusion was that the Kyon ALPS-20 could serve as a viable alternative for the Synthes LCP in equine PIJ arthrodesis.

Cite This Article

APA
Vidović A, Jansen D, Schwan S, Goldstein A, Ludtka C, Brehm W. (2020). Arthrodesis of the equine proximal interphalangeal joint: a biomechanical comparison of 2 different LCP systems. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 48(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1067-3819

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 48
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-34

Researcher Affiliations

Vidović, Aleksandar
  • Equine Clinic St. Georg.
Jansen, Dorothea
  • Equine Clinic St. Georg.
Schwan, Stefan
  • Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS.
Goldstein, Alexander
  • Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS.
Ludtka, Christopher
  • University of Tennessee Health Science Center.
Brehm, Walter
  • Clinic for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig.

MeSH Terms

  • Analysis of Variance
  • Animals
  • Arthrodesis / instrumentation
  • Arthrodesis / methods
  • Arthrodesis / standards
  • Arthrodesis / veterinary
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Bone Plates / classification
  • Bone Plates / veterinary
  • Bone Screws / veterinary
  • Cadaver
  • Horses / surgery
  • Joints / diagnostic imaging
  • Joints / surgery
  • Normal Distribution
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Spadari A, Forni G, Del Magno S, Tagliavia C, Canova M, Grandis A, Rinnovati R. The Comparison of Latero-Medial versus Dorso-Palmar/Plantar Drilling for Cartilage Removal in the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 21;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061838pubmed: 34205601google scholar: lookup