Assessment of health impacts in retired antisera-producing horses: Blood biochemistry and serum amyloid A analysis.
Abstract: Horses used for antisera production are repeatedly hyperimmunized to produce high levels of specific antibodies. This prolonged process can lead to various health issues, including amyloidosis, which involves the accumulation of amyloid proteins in organs and tissues, potentially causing organ dysfunction and failure. These horses are often retired when they no longer produce adequate antibody levels. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of prolonged antisera production on the health of retired horses by examining their blood biochemistry and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, which are indicators of systemic inflammation and organ damage. Unassigned: Blood samples were collected from 12 horses for this study. Nine horses were retired antisera-producing horses that had been discontinued for 2 years, while three healthy non-antisera-producing horses were used as controls. These twelve horses were divided into four groups based on the duration of their active period as antisera producers (never been used, 2-3 years, 4-5 years, and 6-7 years). We measured key blood biochemistry parameters and SAA levels to evaluate the health status of the horses. Unassigned: Total protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels were elevated, whereas other parameters remained normal. The findings indicate that despite normal SAA levels, the horses exhibited signs of ongoing health issues related to their previous use in antisera production, such as increased total plasma protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels, as well as the presence of amyloid deposits in vital organs such as the liver and kidneys, as observed in post-mortem examinations. Unassigned: Despite normal SAA levels, retired antisera-producing horses showed elevated total protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels, indicating ongoing health issues.
Copyright: © Arifianto, et al.
Publication Date: 2024-09-20 PubMed ID: 39507779PubMed Central: PMC11536727DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2136-2143Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research investigates the health effects of prolonged antisera production on horses, using blood biochemistry and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels as indicators of systemic inflammation and organ damage.
Study Overview
In this study, the researchers set out to explore the health impacts on retired antisera-producing horses. The antisera production involves repeated hyper-immunization of horses to produce high quantities of specific antibodies. This frequent process can potentially lead to health problems such as amyloidosis, a condition characterized by an accumulation of amyloid proteins in an animal’s body organs and tissues. This accumulation could eventually lead to organ dysfunction or failure. Therefore, the scientists conducted this study with an aim to evaluate these possible health impacts by assessing the horses’ blood biochemistry and levels of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) – a significant marker of systemic inflammation and organ damage.
Study Sample
- The study involved blood samples collected from 12 horses in total.
- Nine out of the twelve were retired antisera-producing horses, and their production had been discontinued for 2 years before the collection of the samples.
- The remaining three horses, which never partook in any antisera production, served as healthy controls for the study.
- The twelve horses were categorized into four groups. This categorization was based on the number of years these horses had served as active antisera producers. The groups included; those that had never been used, those that served for 2-3 years, 4-5 years, and 6-7 years.
Measurements and Results
- Key blood biochemistry parameters and SAA levels were measured to evaluate the horses’ health status.
- While SAA levels were found to be normal, total protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels were observed to be elevated among the horses.
- Other examined parameters appeared to be within the normal range.
Conclusion
In conclusion, despite the normal SAA levels, the measured elevated total protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels in the blood suggest ongoing health problems among the retired antisera-producing horses. Amyloid deposits were also discovered in vital organs like liver and kidneys during post-mortem examinations, further indicating ongoing health issues related to their previous roles in antisera production.
Cite This Article
APA
Arifianto D, Esfandiari A, Wibawan IWT, Amrozi A, Maharani M, Darsono D, Setiadi H, Setiyono A.
(2024).
Assessment of health impacts in retired antisera-producing horses: Blood biochemistry and serum amyloid A analysis.
Vet World, 17(9), 2136-2143.
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2136-2143 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga 16680, Bogor, Indonesia.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Catur Tunggal, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga 16680, Bogor, Indonesia.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga 16680, Bogor, Indonesia.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga 16680, Bogor, Indonesia.
- Bio Farma (Persero), Jl. Pasteur No. 28, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
- Bio Farma (Persero), Jl. Pasteur No. 28, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
- Bio Farma (Persero), Jl. Pasteur No. 28, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga 16680, Bogor, Indonesia.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
This article includes 41 references
- Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower M.A, Barker G, Barrett E, Hanks B.K, Li S.C, Lomitashvili D, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Sizonov G.V, Sayonov V, Manica A. Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012;109(21):8202–8206.
- Kaufmann S.H.E. Remembering Emil von Behring:From tetanus treatment to antibody cooperation with phagocytes. mBio 2017;8(1):1–6.
- Lonker N.S, Fechner K, El Whed A.A. Horses as a crucial part of one health. Vet. Sci. 2020;7(1):28.
- Costa C.B.P, Martins F.J, Cunha L.E.R, Ratcliffe N.A, Paula R.C, Castro H.C. COVID-19 and hyperimmune sera:A feasible plan b to fight against coronavirus. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2021;90:107220.
- Moreira A.S, Dreyfus J.M, Peek S.F. Suspected hepatic amyloidosis in horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 2019;32(9):e147–e151.
- Murakami T, Inoshima Y, Sakamoto E, Fukushi H, Sakai H, Yanai T, Ishiguro N. AA amyloidosis in vaccinated growing chickens. J. Comp. Pathol. 2013;149(2–3):291–297.
- Zheng X, Wong G, Zhao Y, Wang H, He S, Bi Y, Chen W, Jin H, Gai W, Chu D, Cao Z, Wang C, Fan Q, Chi H, Gao Y, Wang T, Feng N, Yan F, Huang G, Zheng T, Li N, Li Y, Qian J, Zou Y, Kobinger G, Gao G.F, Qiu X, Yang S, Xia X. Treatment with hyperimmune equine immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments completely protects rodents from Ebola virus infection. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:24179.
- Nevone A, Merlini G, Nuvolone M. Treating protein misfolding diseases:Therapeutic successes against systemic amyloidoses. Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:1024.
- Southwood L.L. Practical Guide to Equine Colic. 1st ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2013. pp. 339–342.
- Orsini J.A, Divers T.J. Equine Emergencies:Treatment and Procedures. 4th ed. Saunders, Ithaca: 2014.
- Fonteque J.H, Ceccatto M.L, Bagio R.M, Schade J, Saito M.E, Martins V.V, Fonteque G.V, Martins E, Ramos A.F, Albuquerque M.S.M. Hematological profile, total plasma protein and fibrinogen concentration of clinically healthy adult Campeiro horses. Cien. Rural. 2016;46(1):144–149.
- Walton R.M, Cowell R.L, Valenciano A.C. Equine Hematology, Cytology, and Clinical Chemistry. Hoboken. NJ: John Wiley and Sons; 2021.
- Satué K, Fazio E, Medica P, Miguel L, Gardon J.C. Biochemical and hematological indexes of liver dysfunction in horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2023;126:104294.
- Woldemeskel M. A concise review of amyloidosis in animals. Vet. Med. Int. 2012;2012:427296.
- Fielding C.L, Magdesian K.G. Review of packed cell volume and total protein for use in equine practice. AAEP Proc. 2011;57:318–321.
- Aiello S.E. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 11th ed. Kenilworth: Merck and Co; 2016. pp. 50–54.
- Fernandez N.J, Roy M.F. Do plasma protein:Fibrinogen ratios in horses provide additional information compared with fibrinogen concentration alone?. Can. Vet. J. 2019;60(6):625–629.
- Kujovich J. Hemostatic defects in end-stage liver disease. Crit. Care. Clin. 2005;21(3):563–587.
- Crisman M.V, Scarratt W.K, Zimmerman K.L. Blood protein and inflammation in the horse. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Equine. Pract. 2008;24(2):285–297.
- Smith M.A, Kristula M.A, Aceto H, Levine D.G. Acute phase response in native and imported horse after routine combination vaccination protocol. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2023;126:104497.
- Parraga M.E, Carlson G.P, Thurmond M. Serum protein concentrations in horses with severe liver disease:Retrospective study and review of the literature. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1995;9(3):154–161.
- Hablovarid A, Eslampanah M.H, Akbari M. Prognosis of hepatic amyloidosis status and insufficiency in snake antivenom producing horses. Arch. Razi Inst. 2017;72(2):113–122.
- Potier J.F.N, Durham A.E, Modi R, Rosenberg W, Dash S.A. Investigation of serum markers of hepatic fibrosis in equids. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2023;131:104937.
- Divers T.J, Tennant B.C, Kumar A, McDonough S, Cullen J, Bhuva N, Jain K, Chauhan L.S, Scheel T.K.H, Lipkin W.I, Laverack M, Trivedi S, Srinivasa S, Beard L, Rice C.M, Burbelo P.D, Renshaw R.W, Dubovi E, Kapoor A. New parvovirus associated with serum hepatitis in horses after inoculation of common biological product. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2018;24(2):303–310.
- DeNotta S.L, Divers T.J. Clinical pathology in adult sick horse:The gastrointestinal system and liver. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine. Pract. 2019;36(1):105–120.
- Fotiou D, Theodorakakou F, Kastritis E. Biomarkers in AL amyloidosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(20):10916.
- Lavatelli F, Albertini R, Di Fonzo A, Palladini G, Merlini G. Biochemical markers in early diagnosis and management of systemic amyloidosis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2014;52(11):1517–1531.
- Middlebrooks B.T, Cowles B, Pusterla N. Investigation of the use of serum amyloid a to monitor the health of recently imported horses to the USA. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2022;111:103887.
- Conti M, Poppi I, Cavedagna T.M, Zamagni E, Leone O, Corti B, Milandri A, Bacci F, Ramazzotti E, Mancini R, Cavo M, Quarta C.C, Rapezzi C. A targeted proteomics approach to amyloidosis typing. Clin. Mass Spectrom. 2018;7:18–28.
- Portela R.A, Dantas A.F.M, de Melo D.B, Marinho J.M, da Nobrega Neto P.I, Riet-Correa F. Nasal amyloidosis in a horse. Braz. J. Vet. Pathol. 2012;5(2):86–88.
- Jacobsen S, Vinther A.M, Kjalgaard-Hansen M, Nielsen L.N. Validation of an equine serum amyloid A assay with an unusually broad working range. BMC Vet. Res. 2019;15(1):462.
- Duran M.C, Dumrath C.A.C, Bartmann C.P, Torres C.E.M, Moschos A, Goehring L.S. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after vaccination in horses and mules. J. Equine. Vet. Sci. 2020;92:103165.
- Kay G, Tligui N, Semmate N, Azrib R, Gonzáles F.J.N, Brizgys L, McLean A. Determining factors and interspecific modeling for serum amyloid a concentration in working horses, donkeys, and mules. Res. Vet. Sci. 2019;125:256–265.
- Stack J.D, Cuosty M, Steele E, Handel I, Lechartier A, Vinardell T, David F. Comparison of serum amyloid A measurements in equine synovial fluid with routine diagnostic methods to detect synovial infection in a clinical environment. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019;6:325.
- Lachmann H.J, Goodman H.J, Gilbertson J.A, Gallimore J.R, Sabin C.A, Gillmore J.D, Hawkins P.N. Natural history and outcome in systemic AA amyloidosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007;356(23):2361–2371.
- Simmons J.P, Al-Shawi R, Ellmerich S, Speck I, Aslam S, Hutchinson W.L, Mangione P.P, Disterer P, Gilbertson J.A, Hunt T, Millar D.J, Minogue S, Bodin K, Pepys M.B, Hawkins P.N. Pathogenic mechanisms of amyloid A amyloidosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2013;110:16115–16120.
- Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine inflammatory markers in twenty-first century:A focus on serum amyloid A. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Equine. Pract. 2020;36(1):147–160.
- Şen S, Başdemir G. Diagnosis of renal amyloidosis using Congo red fluorescence. Pathol. Int. 2003;53(8):534–538.
- Cazzaniga G, Bolognesi M.M, Stefania M.D, Mascadri F, Eccher A, Alberici F, Mescia F, Smith A, Fraggetta F, Rossi M, Gambaro G, Pagni F, L'Imperio V. Congo red staining in digital pathology:The streamlined pipeline for amyloid detection through Congo red fluorescence digital analysis. Lab. Invest. 2023;103(11):100243.
- Fussell D, Bizikova P, Breuhaus B, Harris R.A, Moore A.R, Chen L, Linder K.E. Bullous amyloidosis in a horse:First description in veterinary medicine. Vet. Dermatol. 2021;32(4):1–8.
- Clement C.G, Truong L.D. An evaluation of Congo red fluorescence for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Hum. Pathol. 2014;45(8):1766–1772.
Citations
This article has been cited 0 times.Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
