Microorganisms2026; 14(4); 930; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14040930

Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America.

Yao, C
·
Yang, Y
·
Du, A

Abstract: Leishmaniasis is endemic in 99 countries worldwide, including the United States of America (USA). Its causative pathogens, spp. have been detected in both humans and animals within the USA. Lately, we have comprehensively reviewed autochthonous leishmaniasis in humans in this region. Animals play a pivotal role in maintaining its endemicity in some endemic areas and regions, for example, dogs in Brazil and the Mediterranean. In this review, we thoroughly examine autochthonous leishmaniosis in dogs, cats, horses, and wildlife in the USA, and we synthesize integration across species, transmission pathways, the crucial roles the animals play, and the potential risk they pose to humans. The information is essential for public health and for the effective control and management of leishmaniasis through expanding reservoir and vector surveillance using One-Health approaches in the USA.

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Publication Date: 2026-04-20 PubMed ID: 42075326PubMed Central: PMC13118834DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms14040930Google Scholar: Lookup

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Overview

This research article reviews the presence and role of autochthonous (locally acquired) leishmaniosis in animals such as dogs, cats, horses, and wildlife within the United States.
It highlights how these animal species may contribute to the persistence and transmission of leishmaniasis and discusses implications for public health and disease management using integrated One-Health approaches.

Introduction to Leishmaniasis in the USA

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania.
The disease is endemic in 99 countries worldwide, including the USA.
The pathogens have been detected in both humans and animals within the USA.
Previous studies have extensively reviewed human cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis in the USA.

Role of Animals in Leishmaniasis Endemicity

Animals act as reservoirs for Leishmania parasites, maintaining the transmission cycle, as seen with dogs in Brazil and regions around the Mediterranean.
In the USA, it is essential to study domestic animals (dogs, cats, horses) alongside wildlife to understand their contribution to disease persistence.
Understanding which species harbor the parasite locally helps identify potential risks to human populations.

Scope of the Review

The article comprehensively examines autochthonous leishmaniosis in multiple animal species within the USA context.
It synthesizes knowledge across different species, investigating how transmission pathways intersect among domestic and wild animals.
The review also assesses the crucial roles these species play in maintaining endemicity and their potential to transmit leishmaniasis to humans.

Importance for Public Health and Disease Control

Animals identified as reservoirs or carriers can influence leishmaniasis outbreaks and persistence in human populations.
Surveillance of animal reservoirs and vectors (e.g., sandflies) is necessary to monitor and control leishmaniasis effectively.
A One-Health approach, which integrates veterinary, human, and environmental health disciplines, is emphasized as essential for managing the disease.
The information from this review supports expanding such integrated surveillance activities in the USA to prevent and control leishmaniasis spread.

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APA

Yao C, Yang Y, Du A. (2026). Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America. Microorganisms, 14(4), 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040930

Publication

Microorganisms

ISSN: 2076-2607

NlmUniqueID: 101625893

Country: Switzerland

Language: English

Volume: 14

Issue: 4

PII: 930

Researcher Affiliations

Yao, Chaoqun

Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Yang, Yi

Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

Du, Aifang

Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

Grant Funding

41040-2025; 41052-2026 / Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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