FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary science2014; 16(1); 47-55; doi: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.47

Autologous processed plasma: cytokine profile and effects upon injection into healthy equine joints.

Abstract: This experimental controlled study was performed to evaluate the composition of autologous processed plasma (APP), and the effects of APP intra-articular injection into healthy equine metacarpophalangeal joints. The effects on joints were analysed with a short-phase protocol and a prolonged-phase protocol using saline-injected joints as controls. For the short protocol, horses received one intra-articular APP injection. Synovial fluid samples were collected prior to the injection and 3, 6, 24, 48, and 16 h after treatment. For the prolonged protocol, the joints received three weekly injections of APP, and samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days before APP administration. IL1-ra level was found to be increased in APP compared to plasma. Upon intra-articular administration of APP, transient (up to 24 h) increases in white blood cell (WBC) counts along with elevated protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were observed in the treated joints. Over the 28-day observation period, APP did not elicit changes relative to baseline levels, but WBC counts, PGE2 and chondroitin sulphate concentrations were lower than those found in the control. In conclusion, APP intra-articular injection induced a mild and transitory inflammatory response but no inflammation reaction was observed over a longer period of treatment and observation.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-09-30 PubMed ID: 25269714PubMed Central: PMC4367149DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.47Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the impact of injecting Autologous Processed Plasma (APP) into healthy horse joints, indicating that while the procedure initially causes temporary inflammation, longer-term inflammation was not observed.

Summary of the Research

The primary purpose of this experimental study was to look at the content of autologous processed plasma (APP), a product derived from the patient’s own blood, and the effect of its intra-articular injection (injection into the joint space) into healthy horse joints, particularly metacarpophalangeal joints which are equivalent to the human knuckle.

  • The researchers used two protocols to investigate the effect of APP on horse joints: a short-phase protocol and a prolonged-phase protocol. The short-phase protocol involved one injection of APP, followed by multiple collections of synovial fluid samples before and after the procedure to measure the immediate effect of the injection. The prolonged-phase protocol consisted of three weekly injections of APP, with data recorded before the treatment and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days afterward.
  • The composition of APP was also examined, primarily focusing on the level of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra), a protein associated with anti-inflammatory activities. It was found to be at an increased level in APP compared to normal plasma.

Findings of the Research

On analyzing the samples collected in both protocols, the researchers made a few key findings:

  • Upon intra-articular administration of APP, there was a transient (up to 24 hours long) increase in white blood cell (WBC) counts along with elevated protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in the treated horse joints, suggesting a mild but temporary inflammatory response.
  • However, throughout the 28-day observation period in the prolonged-phase protocol, APP did not cause changes in joint health relative to baseline levels, suggesting no long-term inflammation. In fact, WBC counts, PGE2 and chondroitin sulphate concentrations were lower than those found in the control (saline-injected joints), indicating a good tolerance to APP.

Conclusion of the Research

This study concluded that APP intra-articular injections lead to a mild and temporary inflammatory response in healthy equine joints, but do not cause inflammation over longer periods of treatment and observation. This suggests the potential use of APP in treatments requiring repeated joint injections without any risk of causing long-term inflammation.

Cite This Article

APA
Moreira JJ, Moraes AP, Brossi PM, Machado TS, Michelacci YM, Massoco CO, Baccarin RY. (2014). Autologous processed plasma: cytokine profile and effects upon injection into healthy equine joints. J Vet Sci, 16(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.47

Publication

Journal of veterinary science
ISSN: 1976-555X
NlmUniqueID: 100964185
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-55

Researcher Affiliations

Moreira, Juliana J
  • Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508 270, Brazil.
Moraes, Ana Paula L
    Brossi, Patrícia M
      Machado, Thaís S L
        Michelacci, Yara M
          Massoco, Cristina O
            Baccarin, Raquel Y A

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Cytokines / metabolism
              • Horses
              • Injections, Intra-Articular
              • Metacarpophalangeal Joint / drug effects
              • Plasma / chemistry
              • Time Factors

              Conflict of Interest Statement

              There is no conflict of interest.

              References

              This article includes 40 references
              1. Arend WP. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: discovery, structure and properties.. Prog Growth Factor Res 1990;2:193–205.
                pubmed: 2151936
              2. Baccarin RYA, Rasera L, Machado TSL, Michelacci YM. Relevance of synovial fluid chondroitin sulphate as a biomarker to monitor polo pony joints.. Can J Vet Res 2014;78:50–60.
                pmc: PMC3878009pubmed: 24396181
              3. Benito MJ, Veale DJ, FitzGerald O, van den Berg WB, Bresnihan B. Synovial tissue inflammation in early and late osteoarthritis.. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1263–1267.
                pmc: PMC1755629pubmed: 15731292
              4. Berenbaum F. Targeted therapies in osteoarthritis: a systematic review of the trials on www.clinicaltrials.gov.. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010;24:107–119.
                pubmed: 20129204
              5. Billinghurst RC, Fretz PB, Gordon JR. Induction of intra-articular tumour necrosis factor during acute inflammatory responses in equine arthritis.. Equine Vet J 1995;27:208–216.
                pubmed: 7556048
              6. Bondeson J, Wainwright SD, Lauder S, Amos N, Hughes CE. The role of synovial macrophages and macrophageproduced cytokines in driving aggrecanases, matrix metalloproteinases, and other destructive and inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis.. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R187.
                pmc: PMC1794533pubmed: 17177994
              7. Brossi PM, Baccarin RYA, Massoco CO. Do blood components affect the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by equine synovial cells in vitro?. Pesqui Vet Bras 2012;32:1355–1360.
              8. Carmalt JL, Bell CD, Tatarniuk DM, Suri SS, Singh B, Waldner C. Comparison of the response to experimentally induced short-term inflammation in the temporomandibular and metacarpophalangeal joints of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:1586–1591.
                pubmed: 22126685
              9. Caron JP. Osteoarthritis.. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ, editors. Diagnosis and management of Lameness in the Horse. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003. pp. 572–594.
              10. Carter DB, Deibel MR Jr, Dunn CJ, Tomich CSC, Laborde AL, Slightom JL, Berger AE, Bienkowski MJ, Sun FF, McEwan RN, Harris PKW, Yem AW, Waszak GA, Chosay JG, Sieu LC, Hardee MM, Zurcher-Neely HA, Reardon IM, Heinrikson RL, Truesdell SE, Shelly JA, Eessalu TE, Taylor BM, Tracey DE. Purification, cloning, expression and biological characterization of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein.. Nature 1990;344:633–638.
                pubmed: 2139180
              11. de Grauw JC, van de Lest CH, van Weeren PR. Inflammatory mediators and cartilage biomarkers in synovial fluid after a single inflammatory insult: a longitudinal experimental study.. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R35.
                pmc: PMC2688180pubmed: 19272138
              12. Frisbie DD, Al-Sobayil F, Billinghurst RC, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Changes in synovial fluid and serum biomarkers with exercise and early osteoarthritis in horses.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:1196–1204.
                pubmed: 18442931
              13. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Werpy NM, Park RD, McIlwraith CW. Clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of intra-articular administration of autologous conditioned serum in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis.. Am J Vet Res 2007;68:290–296.
                pubmed: 17331019
              14. Garlanda C, Riva F, Bonavita E, Mantovani A. Negative regulatory receptors of the IL-1 family.. Semin Immunol 2013;25:408–415.
                pubmed: 24239046
              15. Gough MR, Munroe GA, Mayhew IG. Urea as measure of dilution of equine synovial fluid.. Equine Vet J 2002;34:76–79.
                pubmed: 11817555
              16. Hawkins DL, Mackay RJ, Gum GG, Colahan PT, Meyer J. Effects of intra-articularly administered endotoxin on clinical signs of disease and synovial fluid tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, and prostaglandin E2 values in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:379–386.
                pubmed: 8498739
              17. Hraha TH, Doremus KM, McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD. Autologous conditioned serum: the comparative cytokine profiles of two commercial methods (IRAP and IRAP II) using equine blood.. Equine Vet J 2011;43:516–521.
                pubmed: 21496084
              18. Kamm JL, Nixon AJ, Witte TH. Cytokine and catabolic enzyme expression in synovium, synovial fluid and articular cartilage of naturally osteoarthritic equine carpi.. Equine Vet J 2010;42:693–699.
                pmc: PMC4183755pubmed: 21039798
              19. Kraus VB, Stabler TV, Kong SY, Varju G, McDaniel G. Measurement of synovial fluid volume using urea.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:1217–1220.
                pmc: PMC2034527pubmed: 17507255
              20. Lathrop JT, Anderson NL, Anderson NG, Hammond DJ. Therapeutic potential of the plasma proteome.. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2010;5:250–257.
                pubmed: 12870434
              21. Ley C, Ekman S, Elmén A, Nilsson G, Eloranta ML. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor in synovial fluid from horses with carpal joint pathology.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2007;54:346–351.
                pubmed: 17718806
              22. Liberg P, Magnusson LE, Schougaard H. Studies on the synovia in healthy horses with particular reference to the protein composition.. Equine Vet J 1977;9:87–91.
                pubmed: 67947
              23. Machado TSL, Correia da Silva LCL, Baccarin RYA, Michelacci YM. Synovial fluid chondroitin sulphate indicates abnormal joint metabolism in asymptomatic osteochondritic horses.. Equine Vet J 2012;44:404–411.
                pubmed: 22256903
              24. Martel-Pelletier J, Alaaeddine N, Pelletier JP. Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.. Front Biosci 1999;4:D694–D703.
                pubmed: 10525480
              25. Meijer H, Reinecke J, Becker C, Tholen G, Wehling P. The production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole blood by physico-chemical induction.. Inflamm Res 2003;52:404–407.
                pubmed: 14520515
              26. Misheff MM, Stover SM. A comparison of two techniques for arthrocentesis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint.. Equine Vet J 1991;23:273–276.
                pubmed: 1915226
              27. Morris EA, McDonald BS, Webb AC, Rosenwasser LJ. Identification of interleukin-1 in equine osteoarthritic joint effusions.. Am J Vet Res 1990;51:59–64.
                pubmed: 2301820
              28. Palmer JL, Bertone AL, McClain H. Assessment of glycosaminoglycan concentration in equine synovial fluid as a marker of joint disease.. Can J Vet Res 1995;59:205–212.
                pmc: PMC1263767pubmed: 8521354
              29. Pascual C, Bredle D, Karzai W, Meier-Hellmann A, Oberhoffer M, Reinhart K. Effect of plasma and LPS on respiratory burst of neutrophils in septic patients.. Intensive Care Med 1988;24:1181–1186.
                pubmed: 9876981
              30. Rasera L, Massoco CO, Landgraf RG, Baccarin RYA. Exercise induced apoptosis and necrosis in the synovial fluid cells of athletic horses.. Pesqui Vet Bras 2008;28:231–236.
              31. Riggs CM. Osteochondral injury and joint disease in the athletic horse.. Equine Vet Educ 2006;18:100–112.
              32. Ross TN, Kisiday JD, Hess T, McIlwraith CW. Evaluation of the inflammatory response in experimentally induced synovitis in the horse: a comparison of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta and lipopolysaccharide.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:1583–1590.
                pubmed: 22917743
              33. Rutgers M, Saris DBF, Dhert WJA, Creemers LB. Cytokine profile of autologous conditioned serum for treatment of osteoarthritis, in vitro effects on cartilage metabolism and intra-articular levels after injection.. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R114.
                pmc: PMC2911907pubmed: 20537160
              34. Sellam J, Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis.. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:625–635.
                pubmed: 20924410
              35. Textor J. Autologous biologic treatment for equine musculoskeletal injuries: platelet-rich plasma and IL-1 receptor antagonist protein.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011;27:275–298.
                pubmed: 21872759
              36. Textor JA, Tablin F. Intra-articular use of a platelet-rich product in normal horses: clinical signs and cytologic responses.. Vet Surg 2013;42:499–510.
                pubmed: 23631631
              37. Tulamo RM, Bramlage LR, Gabel AA. Sequential clinical and synovial fluid changes associated with acute infectious arthritis in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1989;21:325–331.
                pubmed: 2776718
              38. Tulamo RM, Heiskanen T, Salonen M. Concentration and molecular weight distribution of hyaluronate in synovial fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with disease joints.. Am J Vet Res 1994;55:710–715.
                pubmed: 8067622
              39. van den Boom R, Brama PAJ, Kiers GH, DeGroot J, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR. The influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on matrix metalloproteinase and tumour necrosis factor α activities in normal equine joints.. Equine Vet J 2004;36:155–159.
                pubmed: 15038439
              40. van den Boom R, van de Lest CHA, Bull S, Brama PAJ, van Weeren PR, Barneveld A. Influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on synovial fluid concentrations of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and glycosaminoglycans in healthy equine joints.. Equine Vet J 2005;37:250–256.
                pubmed: 15892235

              Citations

              This article has been cited 8 times.
              1. Kooy S, Constant J, Cole R, Boone L. Safety study of leucoreduced allogeneic pooled freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma in healthy equine joints. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1625431.
                doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1625431pubmed: 40727274google scholar: lookup
              2. Soontararak S, Ardaum P, Senarat N, Yangtara S, Lekcharoensuk C, Putchong I, Kashemsant N, Vijarnsorn M, Chow L, Dow S, Lekcharoensuk P. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Regenerative Effects of Autologous Conditioned Serum from Dogs with Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 10;12(19).
                doi: 10.3390/ani12192717pubmed: 36230458google scholar: lookup
              3. Garbin LC, Contino EK, Olver CS, Frisbie DD. A safety evaluation of allogeneic freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma or conditioned serum compared to autologous frozen products equivalents in equine healthy joints. BMC Vet Res 2022 Apr 18;18(1):141.
                doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03225-4pubmed: 35436878google scholar: lookup
              4. Ribitsch I, Oreff GL, Jenner F. Regenerative Medicine for Equine Musculoskeletal Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 19;11(1).
                doi: 10.3390/ani11010234pubmed: 33477808google scholar: lookup
              5. Neuenschwander HM, Moreira JJ, Vendruscolo CP, Fülber J, Seidel SRT, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA. Hyaluronic acid has chondroprotective and joint-preserving effects on LPS-induced synovitis in horses. J Vet Sci 2019 Nov;20(6):e67.
                doi: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e67pubmed: 31775194google scholar: lookup
              6. Vendruscolo CDP, Moreira JJ, Seidel SRT, Fülber J, Neuenschwander HM, Bonagura G, Agreste FR, Baccarin RYA. Effects of medical ozone upon healthy equine joints: Clinical and laboratorial aspects. PLoS One 2018;13(5):e0197736.
                doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197736pubmed: 29813093google scholar: lookup
              7. MacNicol JL, Lindinger MI, Pearson W. A time-course evaluation of inflammatory and oxidative markers following high-intensity exercise in horses: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018 Apr 1;124(4):860-865.
                doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00461.2017pubmed: 29074709google scholar: lookup
              8. Brossi PM, Moreira JJ, Machado TS, Baccarin RY. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: a comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions. BMC Vet Res 2015 Apr 22;11:98.
                doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0403-zpubmed: 25896610google scholar: lookup
              Subscribe to our newsletter
              Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.