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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(2); doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020168

Babesiosis and Theileriosis in North America.

Abstract: Babesia and Theileria are apicomplexan parasites that cause established and emerging diseases in humans, domestic and wild animals. These protozoans are transmitted by Ixodid ticks causing babesiosis or theileriosis, both characterized by fever, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. In North America (NA), the most common species affecting humans is B. microti, which is distributed in the Northeastern and Upper Midwestern United States (US), where the tick vector Ixodes scapularis is established. In livestock, B. bovis and B. bigemina are the most important pathogens causing bovine babesiosis in tropical regions of Mexico. Despite efforts toward eradication of their tick vector, Rhipicephalus microplus, B. bovis and B. bigemina present a constant threat of being reintroduced into the southern US and represent a continuous concern for the US cattle industry. Occasional outbreaks of T. equi, and T. orientalis have occurred in horses and cattle, respectively, in the US, with significant economic implications for livestock including quarantine, production loss, and euthanasia of infected animals. In addition, a new species, T. haneyi, has been recently discovered in horses from the Mexico-US border. Domestic dogs are hosts to at least four species of Babesia in NA that may result in clinical disease that ranges from subclinical to acute, severe anemia. Herein we review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and epidemiology of the most important diseases caused by Babesia and Theileria to humans, domestic and wild animals in Canada, the US, and Mexico.
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Publication Date: 2022-01-27 PubMed ID: 35215111PubMed Central: PMC8874406DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020168Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on the diseases babesiosis and theileriosis, caused by the parasites Babesia and Theileria, affecting humans and animals in North America and their transmission through ticks. It discusses the distribution, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and epidemiology of these diseases, their economic impact on livestock industries, and identifies new species involved.

Parasites and Diseases

  • The research studies the effects of two main parasites, Babesia and Theileria, which cause two diseases known as babesiosis and theileriosis in both humans and animals. It offers an overview of the pathogenesis – or development – of these diseases.
  • These diseases generally appear as fever, hemolytic anemia, jaundice and splenomegaly. They are transmitted through a type of ticks known as ixodid ticks.

Distribution and Epidemiology

  • In North America, Babesia microti is the most common species of the Babesia parasite affecting humans. The research identifies geographical areas of distribution, specifically the Northeastern and Upper Midwestern United States.
  • In livestock, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina are the significant threats. These are most prevalent in tropical regions of Mexico but represent a constant threat to the southern US too.
  • The article also mentions the occasional outbreaks of Theileria equi and Theileria orientalis in horses and cattle in the US, and highlights the economic impacts such as quarantine, production loss, and euthanasia of infected animals.
  • A new species, Theileria haneyi, is also identified, found in horses from the Mexico-US border.

Effects on Domestic Animals

  • The article offers consideration to domestic dogs, which can host at least four different species of Babesia in North America and can display a range of clinical diseases from subclinical to severe anemia.

Diagnosis and Eradication Efforts

  • Despite efforts towards the eradication of the tick vector Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, these parasites present a threat of reintroduction and continuous concern to the livestock industry.

Research Scope

  • This work helps update understanding of these diseases, their effects on both humans and animals, and their distribution across North America. Also, it reviews the current epidemiological landscape and draws attention to new species that have been discovered.

Cite This Article

APA
Almazán C, Scimeca RC, Reichard MV, Mosqueda J. (2022). Babesiosis and Theileriosis in North America. Pathogens, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020168

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Almazán, Consuelo
  • Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Queretaro 76140, Mexico.
Scimeca, Ruth C
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
Reichard, Mason V
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
Mosqueda, Juan
  • Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Queretaro 76140, Mexico.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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