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Heliyon2023; 9(6); e17172; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17172

Babesiosis: Current status and future perspectives in Pakistan and chemotherapy used in livestock and pet animals.

Abstract: Babesiosis is a protozoal disease affect livestock and pet animals such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs, and cats. It causes severe economic losses in livestock as well as in pet animals. A large number of dairy animals are imported in order to fulfill the demands of milk, milk, meat and its products. In addition, different pet animals are transported from Pakistan to various parts of the world, therefore, it is important to identify the current status and distribution of babesiosis throughout Pakistan in order to control the disease and draw attention for future research, diagnosis, treatment and control of this diseases. No work has been done on a complete review on up-to-date on blood protozoal disease burden in Pakistan. This article will provide about the complete background of babesiosis in ruminants, equines and pet animals, its current status, distribution, vectors in Pakistan and allopathic and ethnoveterinary treatments used against babesiosis. Babesiosis may be subclinical (apparently normal) and may be clinical with acute to chronic disease and sometimes fatal. Babesia is found and develops inside the erythrocytes (red blood cells). Clinically, it causes fever, fatigue, lethargy, pallor mucus membranes, malaise, cachexia, respiratory distress, jaundice, icterus, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, lymphadenopathy, chollangocytitis, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Chemotherapy for babesiosis includes Imidocarb dipropionate, Diaminazine aceturate Atovaquone and Bupravaquone, Azithromycin, Quinuronium sulfate and Amicarbalidesio-thionate are most widely used. Supportive therapy includes multivitamins, fluid therapy, antipyretics intravenous fluids, and blood transfusions are used if necessary. In addition, there are certain ethnoveterinary (homeopathic) ingredients which having anti-babesial activity. As the resistance against these drugs is developing every day. New more specific long-lasting drugs should be developed for the treatment of Babesiosis. Further studies should be done on disease genome of different species of Babesia for vaccine development like malarial parasites.
© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2023-06-18 PubMed ID: 37441378PubMed Central: PMC10333442DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17172Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study explores babesiosis, a disease caused by parasitic protozoa and affecting numerous animal species. It looks into the prevalence of the disease in Pakistan, studying its symptoms, vectors, and treatment methods. It further underlines the vital need for more in-depth research on the disease for improved drug and vaccine development.

Background of Babesiosis

  • The study begins with an introduction to babesiosis, a disease that affects various livestock and pet animals, causing significant economic loss.
  • The disease can range from being subclinical (without apparent symptoms) to chronic, sometimes even becoming fatal. It can cause a variety of symptoms in animals, such as fever, fatigue, respiratory distress, and anemia, among many others.
  • Babesiosis is caused by the Babesia parasite, which develops inside the erythrocytes (red blood cells) of the host.

Babesiosis in Pakistan

  • The researchers emphasize the necessity of understanding the current status and distribution of babesiosis in Pakistan due to the importation of a large number of dairy animals and the transportation of pets to different parts of the world.
  • Understanding the distribution of babesiosis can help control the disease and guide future research and treatment efforts.
  • The study highlights that no previous work has been done on a complete review of blood protozoal disease burden in Pakistan, and this article thus aims to provide a comprehensive background on the topic.

Treatments for Babesiosis

  • The study gives an overview of the chemotherapy options for treating babesiosis, including drugs like Imidocarb dipropionate, Diaminazine aceturate Atovaquone, and Bupravaquone, among others.
  • Supportive therapies mentioned in the study include multivitamins, fluid therapy, intravenous fluids, and blood transfusions if necessary.
  • The research also mentions certain ethnoveterinary (homeopathic) ingredients with anti-babesial activity.

Future Research and Recommendations

  • There is an increasing resistance developing against the current drugs for babesiosis. Consequently, the study recommends the development of more specific, long-lasting drugs for the treatment of this disease.
  • Further studies should be concentrated on the disease genome of different species of Babesia to aid in the development of vaccines, similar to those developed for malaria parasites.

Cite This Article

APA
Azhar M, Gadahi JA, Bhutto B, Tunio S, Vistro WA, Tunio H, Bhutto S, Ram T. (2023). Babesiosis: Current status and future perspectives in Pakistan and chemotherapy used in livestock and pet animals. Heliyon, 9(6), e17172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17172

Publication

Heliyon
ISSN: 2405-8440
NlmUniqueID: 101672560
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 6
Pages: e17172

Researcher Affiliations

Azhar, Muhammad
  • Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Gadahi, Javaid Ali
  • Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Bhutto, Bachal
  • Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Tunio, Sambreena
  • Department of Animal Product Technology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Vistro, Waseem Ali
  • Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Tunio, Haleema
  • Department of Poultry Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Bhutto, Sahar
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Ram, Teerath
  • Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
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