FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Stem Cell Rev Rep / Canine and Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Grown in Serum Free...
Stem cell reviews and reports2015; 12(2); 245-256; doi: 10.1007/s12015-015-9638-0

Canine and Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Grown in Serum Free Media Have Altered Immunophenotype.

Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is being increasingly used to treat dogs and horses with naturally-occurring diseases. However these animals also serve as critical large animal models for ongoing translation of cell therapy products to the human market. MSC manufacture for clinical use mandates improvement in cell culture systems to meet demands for higher MSC numbers and removal of xeno-proteins (i.e. fetal bovine serum, FBS). While serum-free media (SFM) is commercially available, its affects on MSC phenotype and immunomodulatory functions are not fully known. The objective of this study was to determine if specific MSC culture conditions, MSC expansion in HYPERFlasks® or MSC expansion in a commercially available SFM, would alter MSC proliferation, phenotype or immunomodulatory properties in vitro. MSCs cultured in HYPERFlasks® were similar in phenotype, proliferative capacity and immunomodulatory functions to MSCs grown in standard flasks however MSC yield was markedly increased. HYPERFlasks® therefore provide a viable option to generate greater cell numbers in a streamlined manner. Canine and equine MSCs expanded in SFM displayed similar proliferation, surface phenotype and inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. However, MSCs cultured in the absence of FBS secreted significantly less PGE2, and were significantly less able to inhibit IFNγ secretion by activated T-cells. Immunomodulatory functions altered by expansion in SFM were species dependent. Unlike equine MSCs, in canine adipose-derived MSCs, the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was not principally modulated by PGE2. The removal of FBS from both canine and equine MSC culture systems resulted in altered immunomodulatory properties in vitro and warrants further investigation prior to moving towards FBS-free culture conditions.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-12-08 PubMed ID: 26638159PubMed Central: PMC4841858DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9638-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper discusses the impacts of serum-free media (SFM) on the proliferation, phenotype and immunomodulatory properties of Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in dogs and horses. It suggests that while SFM increases cell numbers and eliminates foreign proteins, it may result in inconsistent immunomodulatory functions, which call for further examination before adopting FBS-free culture conditions.

Objective of the Study

  • The research tries to establish if altering specific MSC culture conditions, like their expansion in HYPERFlasks® or different commercially available SFM, will affect their rate of growth, phenotype or immunomodulatory properties. It primarily focuses on the impact of using SFM when culturing MSCs for therapeutic use in canines and equines.

Findings on HYPERFlasks® and Serum-Free Media (SFM)

  • MSCs grown in HYPERFlasks® demonstrated comparable phenotype, proliferative capacity and immunomodulatory functions to those grown in standard flasks, but with a significant increase in cell yield. Therefore, HYPERFlasks® appear to be a viable option to boost MSC numbers in a standardized manner.
  • MSCs cultured in SFM showed similar growth rates, surface phenotype, and inhibitory effects on lymphocyte proliferation, much like the ones grown in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS).

Difference in PGE2 Secretion and Inhibition of IFNγ Secretion

  • However, a key variance is found in the degree of PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) secretion and the inhibition of IFNγ (Interferon gamma) secretion by T-cells. MSCs cultured in SFM, compared to those grown with FBS, secreted significantly less PGE2, a lipid compound with immunomodulatory functions, and were less able to hinder IFNγ secretion by activated T-cells.

Species-Specific Differences

  • The observed changes in immunomodulatory functions were dependent on species. Canine adipose-derived MSCs showed a less reliant behaviour on PGE2 for the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation compared to equine MSCs.

Implication of Findings

  • The study concludes that removing FBS from canine and equine MSC culture systems brings about alterations in their immunomodulatory properties in vitro. This necessitates further research before transitioning entirely to FBS-free culture conditions for MSC growth.

Cite This Article

APA
Clark KC, Kol A, Shahbenderian S, Granick JL, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. (2015). Canine and Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Grown in Serum Free Media Have Altered Immunophenotype. Stem Cell Rev Rep, 12(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-015-9638-0

Publication

Stem cell reviews and reports
ISSN: 2629-3277
NlmUniqueID: 101752767
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 245-256

Researcher Affiliations

Clark, Kaitlin C
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
Kol, Amir
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
Shahbenderian, Salpi
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
Granick, Jennifer L
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
Walker, Naomi J
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
Borjesson, Dori L
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA. dlborjesson@ucdavis.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Adipose Tissue / cytology
  • Adipose Tissue / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Cell Culture Techniques / methods
  • Cell Differentiation / physiology
  • Cell Proliferation / physiology
  • Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / methods
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Culture Media, Serum-Free / metabolism
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Immunophenotyping / methods
  • Lymphocytes / cytology
  • Lymphocytes / metabolism
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / cytology

Grant Funding

  • T32 AI060555 / NIAID NIH HHS

References

This article includes 44 references
  1. Carrade DD, Borjesson DL. Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary species.. Comp Med 2013 Jun;63(3):207-17.
    pmc: PMC3690426pubmed: 23759523
  2. Singer NG, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation.. Annu Rev Pathol 2011;6:457-78.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130230pubmed: 21073342google scholar: lookup
  3. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop Dj, Horwitz E. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.. Cytotherapy 2006;8(4):315-7.
    doi: 10.1080/14653240600855905pubmed: 16923606google scholar: lookup
  4. Arnhold S, Wenisch S. Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for musculoskeletal repair in veterinary medicine.. Am J Stem Cells 2015;4(1):1-12.
    pmc: PMC4396154pubmed: 25973326
  5. Fortier LA, Travis AJ. Stem cells in veterinary medicine.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011 Feb 23;2(1):9.
    doi: 10.1186/scrt50pmc: PMC3092149pubmed: 21371354google scholar: lookup
  6. Borjesson DL, Peroni JF. The regenerative medicine laboratory: facilitating stem cell therapy for equine disease.. Clin Lab Med 2011 Mar;31(1):109-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.12.001pubmed: 21295725google scholar: lookup
  7. Kol A, Arzi B, Athanasiou KA, Farmer DL, Nolta JA, Rebhun RB, Chen X, Griffiths LG, Verstraete FJ, Murphy CJ, Borjesson DL. Companion animals: Translational scientist's new best friends.. Sci Transl Med 2015 Oct 7;7(308):308ps21.
    pmc: PMC4806851pubmed: 26446953doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa9116google scholar: lookup
  8. Murphey DB. Guidance for industry: Guidance for human somatic cell therapy and gene therapy. .
  9. Horwitz EM, Gordon PL, Koo WK, Marx JC, Neel MD, McNall RY, Muul L, Hofmann T. Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8932-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.132252399pmc: PMC124401pubmed: 12084934google scholar: lookup
  10. Sundin M, Ringdén O, Sundberg B, Nava S, Götherström C, Le Blanc K. No alloantibodies against mesenchymal stromal cells, but presence of anti-fetal calf serum antibodies, after transplantation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients.. Haematologica 2007 Sep;92(9):1208-15.
    doi: 10.3324/haematol.11446pubmed: 17666368google scholar: lookup
  11. Mannello F, Tonti GA. Concise review: no breakthroughs for human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cell culture: conditioned medium, feeder layer, or feeder-free; medium with fetal calf serum, human serum, or enriched plasma; serum-free, serum replacement nonconditioned medium, or ad hoc formula? All that glitters is not gold!. Stem Cells 2007 Jul;25(7):1603-9.
    doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0127pubmed: 17395775google scholar: lookup
  12. Kinzebach S, Bieback K. Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells under xenogenic-free culture conditions.. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2013;129:33-57.
    doi: 10.1007/10_2012_134pubmed: 22777242google scholar: lookup
  13. Schwarz C, Leicht U, Rothe C, Drosse I, Luibl V, Röcken M, Schieker M. Effects of different media on proliferation and differentiation capacity of canine, equine and porcine adipose derived stem cells.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Aug;93(1):457-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.010pubmed: 21940026google scholar: lookup
  14. Li CY, Wu XY, Tong JB, Yang XX, Zhao JL, Zheng QF, Zhao GB, Ma ZJ. Comparative analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue under xeno-free conditions for cell therapy.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015 Apr 13;6(1):55.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0066-5pmc: PMC4453294pubmed: 25884704google scholar: lookup
  15. Shimazu T, Mori Y, Takahashi A, Tsunoda H, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T. Serum- and xeno-free cryopreservation of human umbilical cord tissue as mesenchymal stromal cell source.. Cytotherapy 2015 May;17(5):593-600.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.604pubmed: 25881518google scholar: lookup
  16. Díez JM, Bauman E, Gajardo R, Jorquera JI. Culture of human mesenchymal stem cells using a candidate pharmaceutical grade xeno-free cell culture supplement derived from industrial human plasma pools.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015 Mar 13;6(1):28.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0016-2pmc: PMC4396121pubmed: 25889980google scholar: lookup
  17. Al-Saqi SH, Saliem M, Quezada HC, Ekblad Å, Jonasson AF, Hovatta O, Götherström C. Defined serum- and xeno-free cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells.. Cell Tissue Bank 2015 Jun;16(2):181-93.
    doi: 10.1007/s10561-014-9463-8pubmed: 25117730google scholar: lookup
  18. Al-Saqi SH, Saliem M, Asikainen S, Quezada HC, Ekblad A, Hovatta O, Le Blanc K, Jonasson AF, Götherström C. Defined serum-free media for in vitro expansion of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.. Cytotherapy 2014 Jul;16(7):915-26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.006pubmed: 24726655google scholar: lookup
  19. Müller I, Kordowich S, Holzwarth C, Spano C, Isensee G, Staiber A, Viebahn S, Gieseke F, Langer H, Gawaz MP, Horwitz EM, Conte P, Handgretinger R, Dominici M. Animal serum-free culture conditions for isolation and expansion of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from human BM.. Cytotherapy 2006;8(5):437-44.
    doi: 10.1080/14653240600920782pubmed: 17050248google scholar: lookup
  20. Sharma RR, Pollock K, Hubel A, McKenna D. Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells: a review of clinical applications and manufacturing practices.. Transfusion 2014 May;54(5):1418-37.
    doi: 10.1111/trf.12421pmc: PMC6364749pubmed: 24898458google scholar: lookup
  21. Rojewski MT, Fekete N, Baila S, Nguyen K, Fürst D, Antwiler D, Dausend J, Kreja L, Ignatius A, Sensebé L, Schrezenmeier H. GMP-compliant isolation and expansion of bone marrow-derived MSCs in the closed, automated device quantum cell expansion system.. Cell Transplant 2013;22(11):1981-2000.
    doi: 10.3727/096368912X657990pubmed: 23107560google scholar: lookup
  22. Robinson S, Niu T, de Lima M, Ng J, Yang H, McMannis J, Karandish S, Sadeghi T, Fu P, del Angel M, O'Connor S, Champlin R, Shpall E. Ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood.. Cytotherapy 2005;7(3):243-50.
    doi: 10.1080/14653240510027172pubmed: 16081350google scholar: lookup
  23. Wood JA, Chung DJ, Park SA, Zwingenberger AL, Reilly CM, Ly I, Walker NJ, Vernau W, Hayashi K, Wisner ER, Cannon MS, Kass PH, Cherry SR, Borjesson DL, Russell P, Murphy CJ. Periocular and intra-articular injection of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: an in vivo imaging and migration study.. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012 Jun;28(3):307-17.
    doi: 10.1089/jop.2011.0166pmc: PMC3361184pubmed: 22175793google scholar: lookup
  24. Kol A, Foutouhi S, Walker NJ, Kong NT, Weimer BC, Borjesson DL. Gastrointestinal microbes interact with canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and enhance immunomodulatory functions.. Stem Cells Dev 2014 Aug 15;23(16):1831-43.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2014.0128pmc: PMC4120524pubmed: 24803072google scholar: lookup
  25. Toupadakis CA, Wong A, Genetos DC, Cheung WK, Borjesson DL, Ferraro GL, Galuppo LD, Leach JK, Owens SD, Yellowley CE. Comparison of the osteogenic potential of equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and umbilical cord tissue.. Am J Vet Res 2010 Oct;71(10):1237-45.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1237pubmed: 20919913google scholar: lookup
  26. Vidal MA, Walker NJ, Napoli E, Borjesson DL. Evaluation of senescence in mesenchymal stem cells isolated from equine bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissue.. Stem Cells Dev 2012 Jan 20;21(2):273-83.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2010.0589pubmed: 21410356google scholar: lookup
  27. Carrade DD, Lame MW, Kent MS, Clark KC, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Comparative Analysis of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Equine Adult-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells().. Cell Med 2012;4(1):1-11.
    doi: 10.3727/215517912X647217pmc: PMC3495591pubmed: 23152950google scholar: lookup
  28. Carrade DD, Owens SD, Galuppo LD, Vidal MA, Ferraro GL, Librach F, Buerchler S, Friedman MS, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Clinicopathologic findings following intra-articular injection of autologous and allogeneic placentally derived equine mesenchymal stem cells in horses.. Cytotherapy 2011 Apr;13(4):419-30.
    doi: 10.3109/14653249.2010.536213pubmed: 21105841google scholar: lookup
  29. Radcliffe CH, Flaminio MJ, Fortier LA. Temporal analysis of equine bone marrow aspirate during establishment of putative mesenchymal progenitor cell populations.. Stem Cells Dev 2010 Feb;19(2):269-82.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2009.0091pmc: PMC3138180pubmed: 19604071google scholar: lookup
  30. Watson JL, Stott JL, Blanchard MT, Lavoie JP, Wilson WD, Gershwin LJ, Wilson DW. Phenotypic characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in normal controls.. Vet Pathol 1997 Mar;34(2):108-16.
    doi: 10.1177/030098589703400203pubmed: 9066077google scholar: lookup
  31. Carrade DD, Affolter VK, Outerbridge CA, Watson JL, Galuppo LD, Buerchler S, Kumar V, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Intradermal injections of equine allogeneic umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells are well tolerated and do not elicit immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions.. Cytotherapy 2011 Nov;13(10):1180-92.
    doi: 10.3109/14653249.2011.602338pubmed: 21899391google scholar: lookup
  32. Carrade Holt DD, Wood JA, Granick JL, Walker NJ, Clark KC, Borjesson DL. Equine mesenchymal stem cells inhibit T cell proliferation through different mechanisms depending on tissue source.. Stem Cells Dev 2014 Jun 1;23(11):1258-65.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2013.0537pubmed: 24438346google scholar: lookup
  33. Frisbie DD, Al-Sobayil F, Billinghurst RC, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Changes in synovial fluid and serum biomarkers with exercise and early osteoarthritis in horses.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008 Oct;16(10):1196-204.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.008pubmed: 18442931google scholar: lookup
  34. McFarlane D, Holbrook TC. Cytokine dysregulation in aged horses and horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Mar-Apr;22(2):436-42.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0076.xpubmed: 18371032google scholar: lookup
  35. Burton AB, Wagner B, Erb HN, Ainsworth DM. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 concentrations in normal and septic neonatal foals.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Dec 15;132(2-4):122-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.05.006pubmed: 19501415google scholar: lookup
  36. Screven R, Kenyon E, Myers MJ, Yancy HF, Skasko M, Boxer L, Bigley EC 3rd, Borjesson DL, Zhu M. Immunophenotype and gene expression profile of mesenchymal stem cells derived from canine adipose tissue and bone marrow.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Sep 15;161(1-2):21-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.06.002pubmed: 25026887google scholar: lookup
  37. Dos Santos F, Campbell A, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Andrade PZ, Gimble JM, Wen Y, Boucher S, Vemuri MC, da Silva CL, Cabral JM. A xenogeneic-free bioreactor system for the clinical-scale expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014 Jun;111(6):1116-27.
    doi: 10.1002/bit.25187pubmed: 24420557google scholar: lookup
  38. Hartmann I, Hollweck T, Haffner S, Krebs M, Meiser B, Reichart B, Eissner G. Umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells grow best under GMP-compliant culture conditions and maintain their phenotypic and functional properties.. J Immunol Methods 2010 Dec 15;363(1):80-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.10.008pubmed: 21035451google scholar: lookup
  39. Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses.. Blood 2005 Feb 15;105(4):1815-22.
    doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1559pubmed: 15494428google scholar: lookup
  40. Lee WS, Suzuki Y, Graves SS, Iwata M, Venkataraman GM, Mielcarek M, Peterson LJ, Ikehara S, Torok-Storb B, Storb R. Canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells suppress alloreactive lymphocyte proliferation in vitro but fail to enhance engraftment in canine bone marrow transplantation.. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011 Apr;17(4):465-75.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.04.016pmc: PMC3233364pubmed: 20457265google scholar: lookup
  41. Kang JW, Kang KS, Koo HC, Park JR, Choi EW, Park YH. Soluble factors-mediated immunomodulatory effects of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.. Stem Cells Dev 2008 Aug;17(4):681-93.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2007.0153pubmed: 18717642google scholar: lookup
  42. Hatlapatka T, Moretti P, Lavrentieva A, Hass R, Marquardt N, Jacobs R, Kasper C. Optimization of culture conditions for the expansion of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem or stromal cell-like cells using xeno-free culture conditions.. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011 Apr;17(4):485-93.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0406pubmed: 21166520google scholar: lookup
  43. Kinzebach S, Dietz L, Klüter H, Thierse HJ, Bieback K. Functional and differential proteomic analyses to identify platelet derived factors affecting ex vivo expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells.. BMC Cell Biol 2013 Oct 30;14:48.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-48pmc: PMC4231358pubmed: 24168020google scholar: lookup
  44. Jung S, Sen A, Rosenberg L, Behie LA. Identification of growth and attachment factors for the serum-free isolation and expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells.. Cytotherapy 2010 Sep;12(5):637-57.
    doi: 10.3109/14653249.2010.495113pubmed: 20608762google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 27 times.
  1. Petrova V, Vachkova E. Outlook of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Challenges to Their Clinical Application in Horses. Vet Sci 2023 May 12;10(5).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10050348pubmed: 37235430google scholar: lookup
  2. Hoang DM, Nguyen QT, Phan TTK, Ngo ATL, Pham PT, Bach TQ, Le PTT, Bui HTP, Thanh LN. Advanced cell-based products generated via automated and manual manufacturing platforms under the quality by design principle: Are they equivalent or different?. Heliyon 2023 May;9(5):e15946.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15946pubmed: 37229156google scholar: lookup
  3. Jammes M, Contentin R, Cassé F, Galéra P. Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1115774.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1115774pubmed: 36846261google scholar: lookup
  4. Cequier A, Vázquez FJ, Romero A, Vitoria A, Bernad E, García-Martínez M, Gascón I, Barrachina L, Rodellar C. The immunomodulation-immunogenicity balance of equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is differentially affected by the immune cell response depending on inflammatory licensing and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:957153.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957153pubmed: 36337202google scholar: lookup
  5. Even KM, Gaesser AM, Ciamillo SA, Linardi RL, Ortved KF. Comparing the immunomodulatory properties of equine BM-MSCs culture expanded in autologous platelet lysate, pooled platelet lysate, equine serum and fetal bovine serum supplemented culture media. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:958724.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.958724pubmed: 36090170google scholar: lookup
  6. Ivanovska A, Wang M, Arshaghi TE, Shaw G, Alves J, Byrne A, Butterworth S, Chandler R, Cuddy L, Dunne J, Guerin S, Harry R, McAlindan A, Mullins RA, Barry F. Manufacturing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Canine Patients: Challenges and Recommendations. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:897150.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897150pubmed: 35754551google scholar: lookup
  7. Pilgrim CR, McCahill KA, Rops JG, Dufour JM, Russell KA, Koch TG. A Review of Fetal Bovine Serum in the Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Potential Alternatives for Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:859025.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859025pubmed: 35591873google scholar: lookup
  8. Cequier A, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Vitoria A, Bernad E, Fuente S, Zaragoza P, Rodellar C, Barrachina L. Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influence the Proliferative Response of Lymphocytes: Effect of Inflammation, Differentiation and MHC-Compatibility. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 11;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12080984pubmed: 35454231google scholar: lookup
  9. Han Y, Yang J, Fang J, Zhou Y, Candi E, Wang J, Hua D, Shao C, Shi Y. The secretion profile of mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in treating human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022 Mar 21;7(1):92.
    doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-00932-0pubmed: 35314676google scholar: lookup
  10. Pezzanite L, Chow L, Griffenhagen G, Dow S, Goodrich L. Impact of Three Different Serum Sources on Functional Properties of Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:634064.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.634064pubmed: 33996964google scholar: lookup
  11. Kuwahara Y, Yoshizaki K, Nishida H, Kamishina H, Maeda S, Takano K, Fujita N, Nishimura R, Jo JI, Tabata Y, Akiyoshi H. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Canine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Serum Free Culture Medium Have Anti-inflammatory Effect on Microglial Cells. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:633426.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.633426pubmed: 33996963google scholar: lookup
  12. Harman RM, Marx C, Van de Walle GR. Translational Animal Models Provide Insight Into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) Secretome Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:654885.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654885pubmed: 33869217google scholar: lookup
  13. Voga M, Kovač V, Majdic G. Comparison of Canine and Feline Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells/Medicinal Signaling Cells With Regard to Cell Surface Marker Expression, Viability, Proliferation, and Differentiation Potential. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:610240.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.610240pubmed: 33521084google scholar: lookup
  14. Amorim RM, Clark KC, Walker NJ, Kumar P, Herout K, Borjesson DL, Wang A. Placenta-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: a promising potential cell-based therapy for canine inflammatory brain disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020 Jul 22;11(1):304.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01799-0pubmed: 32698861google scholar: lookup
  15. MacDonald ES, Barrett JG. The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Systemic Inflammation in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:507.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00507pubmed: 32039250google scholar: lookup
  16. Devireddy LR, Myers M, Screven R, Liu Z, Boxer L. A serum-free medium formulation efficiently supports isolation and propagation of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. PLoS One 2019;14(2):e0210250.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210250pubmed: 30811421google scholar: lookup
  17. Bogers SH. Cell-Based Therapies for Joint Disease in Veterinary Medicine: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:70.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00070pubmed: 29713634google scholar: lookup
  18. Naskou MC, Sumner SM, Chocallo A, Kemelmakher H, Thoresen M, Copland I, Galipeau J, Peroni JF. Platelet lysate as a novel serum-free media supplement for the culture of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018 Mar 22;9(1):75.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-0823-3pubmed: 29566772google scholar: lookup
  19. Clark KC, Fierro FA, Ko EM, Walker NJ, Arzi B, Tepper CG, Dahlenburg H, Cicchetto A, Kol A, Marsh L, Murphy WJ, Fazel N, Borjesson DL. Human and feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells have comparable phenotype, immunomodulatory functions, and transcriptome. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017 Mar 20;8(1):69.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0528-zpubmed: 28320483google scholar: lookup
  20. Chow L, Johnson V, Coy J, Regan D, Dow S. Mechanisms of Immune Suppression Utilized by Canine Adipose and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017 Mar 1;26(5):374-389.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2016.0207pubmed: 27881051google scholar: lookup
  21. Owens SD, Kol A, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Induces Specific Alloantibodies in Horses. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:5830103.
    doi: 10.1155/2016/5830103pubmed: 27648075google scholar: lookup
  22. Kol A, Walker NJ, Nordstrom M, Borjesson DL. Th17 Pathway As a Target for Multipotent Stromal Cell Therapy in Dogs: Implications for Translational Research. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0148568.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148568pubmed: 26872054google scholar: lookup
  23. Gaesser AM, Cianci JM, Even K, Linardi RL, Ruthel G, Barot D, Elkhenany H, Engiles JB, Ortved KF. Equine Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs and Their EVs Exhibit Different Immunomodulatory Effects on Cartilage Explants in an In Vitro Osteoarthritis Model. Cartilage 2025 Sep 25;:19476035251378693.
    doi: 10.1177/19476035251378693pubmed: 40995888google scholar: lookup
  24. Lebedev T, Mikheeva A, Gasca V, Spirin P, Prassolov V. Systematic Comparison of FBS and Medium Variation Effect on Key Cellular Processes Using Morphological Profiling. Cells 2025 Feb 25;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/cells14050336pubmed: 40072065google scholar: lookup
  25. Cequier A, Vázquez FJ, Vitoria A, Bernad E, Fuente S, Serrano MB, Zaragoza MP, Romero A, Rodellar C, Barrachina L. The systemic cellular immune response against allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells is influenced by inflammation, differentiation and MHC compatibility: in vivo study in the horse. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1391872.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1391872pubmed: 38957800google scholar: lookup
  26. Iribarne A, Palma MB, Andrini L, Riccillo F, Rodriguez D, Casella M, Garay F, Zabala JS, Mazza L, Muro A, Buero G, Miriuka SG, Carosella E, García MN. Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing of Allogeneic Use of Equine Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024 Feb 16;25(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms25042350pubmed: 38397024google scholar: lookup
  27. Ferreira-Baptista C, Ferreira R, Fernandes MH, Gomes PS, Colaço B. Influence of the Anatomical Site on Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells' Biological Profile and Osteogenic Potential in Companion Animals. Vet Sci 2023 Nov 24;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10120673pubmed: 38133224google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.