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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Causes, Effects and Methods of Monitoring Gas Exchange Distu...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(7); doi: 10.3390/ani11072049

Causes, Effects and Methods of Monitoring Gas Exchange Disturbances during Equine General Anaesthesia.

Abstract: Horses, due to their unique anatomy and physiology, are particularly prone to intraoperative cardiopulmonary disorders. In dorsally recumbent horses, chest wall movement is restricted and the lungs are compressed by the abdominal organs, leading to the collapse of the alveoli. This results in hypoventilation, leading to hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis as well as impaired tissue oxygen supply (hypoxia). The most common mechanisms disturbing gas exchange are hypoventilation, atelectasis, ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch and shunt. Gas exchange disturbances are considered to be an important factor contributing to the high anaesthetic mortality rate and numerous post-anaesthetic side effects. Current monitoring methods, such as a pulse oximetry, capnography, arterial blood gas measurements and spirometry, may not be sufficient by themselves, and only in combination with each other can they provide extensive information about the condition of the patient. A new, promising, complementary method is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The purpose of this article is to review the negative effect of general anaesthesia on the gas exchange in horses and describe the post-operative complications resulting from it. Understanding the changes that occur during general anaesthesia and the factors that affect them, as well as improving gas monitoring techniques, can improve the post-aesthetic survival rate and minimize post-operative complications.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-09 PubMed ID: 34359177PubMed Central: PMC8300395DOI: 10.3390/ani11072049Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study investigates the challenges horses face during general anesthesia, their causes, and likely impact on their health. It also reviews various methods of monitoring these complications, including emerging methods like near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Research Background

  • This study focuses on the unique anatomical and physiological challenges horses face when under general anesthesia.
  • Particularly in dorsally recumbent horses (those lying on their backs), the chest wall motion is restricted and the lungs are compressed by the abdominal organs, which causes the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs to collapse.
  • This can lead to hypoventilation, a condition characterized by shallow or slow breathing, which can result in conditions such as hypercapnia (excess carbon dioxide) and respiratory acidosis, and even impaired tissue oxygen supply also known as hypoxia.

Gas Exchange Disturbances

  • The most common disturbances in gas exchange during this process include hypoventilation, atelectasis (complete or partial collapse of a lung), ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, and shunt (bypassing of the lungs).
  • These disturbances are a significant factor contributing to high anesthetic mortality rates and post-anesthetic side effects.

Monitoring Methods

  • The study highlights various monitoring methods like pulse oximetry, capnography, arterial blood gas measurements, and spirometry which are noted to be insufficient when used singularly.
  • However, when combined, these methods can provide comprehensive information about the patient’s condition.
  • The study recognizes near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a new and promising complementary method of monitoring.

Conclusion

  • Understanding changes that occur during general anesthesia in horses, the factors influencing those changes, and improving gas monitoring techniques can help improve the survival rate post-anesthesia and minimize post-operative complications.

Cite This Article

APA
Stefanik E, Drewnowska O, Lisowska B, Turek B. (2021). Causes, Effects and Methods of Monitoring Gas Exchange Disturbances during Equine General Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel), 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072049

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 7

Researcher Affiliations

Stefanik, Elżbieta
  • Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland.
Drewnowska, Olga
  • Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland.
Lisowska, Barbara
  • National Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Institute, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland.
Turek, Bernard
  • Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
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