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Home / Equine Research Bank / Virology / Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from ...
Virology1992; 188(1); 245-255; doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90754-d

Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China.

Abstract: In March 1989 a severe outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in horses in the Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces of Northeast China that caused up to 20% mortality in some herds. An influenza virus of the H3N8 subtype was isolated from the infected animals and was antigenically and molecularly distinguishable from the equine 2 (H3N8) viruses currently circulating in the world. The reference strain A/Equine/Jilin/1/89 (H3N8) was most closely related to avian H3N8 influenza viruses. Sequence comparisons of the entire hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and NS genes along with partial sequences of the three polymerase (PB1, PB2, PA) genes suggest that six of the eight gene segments (PA, HA, NP, NA, M, NS) are closely related to avian influenza viruses. Since direct sequence analysis can only provide a crude measure of relationship, phylogenetic analysis was done on the sequence information. Phylogenetic analyses of the entire HA, NP, M, and NS genes and of partial sequences of PB1, PB2, and PA indicated that these genes are of recent avian origin. The NP gene segment is closely related to the gene segment found in the newly described H14 subtype isolated from ducks in the USSR. The A/Equine/Jilin/1/89 (H3N8) influenza virus failed to replicate in ducks, but did replicate and cause disease in mice on initial inoculation and on subsequent passaging caused 100% mortality. In ferrets, the virus caused severe influenza symptoms. A second outbreak of influenza in horses in Northeast China occurred in April 1990 in the Heilongjiang province with 48% morbidity and no mortality. The viruses isolated from this outbreak were antigenically indistinguishable from those in the 1989 outbreak and it is probable that the reduced mortality was due to the immune status of of the horses in the region. No influenza was detected in horses in Northern China in the spring, summer, or fall of 1991 and no influenza has been detected in horses in adjacent areas. Our analysis suggests that this new equine influenza virus in horses in Northeast China is the latest influenza virus in mammals to emerge from the avian gene pool in nature and that it may have spread to horses without reassortment. The appearance of this new equine virus in China emphasizes the potential for whole avian influenza viruses to successfully enter mammalian hosts and serves as a model and a warning for the appearance of new pandemic influenza viruses in humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Publication Date: 1992-05-01 PubMed ID: 1314452DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90754-dGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study examines a destructive outbreak of horse respiratory disease in China in 1989, caused by an avian-like influenza A of H3N8 subtype—distinct from other equine influenza viruses. The paper tracks the potential spread of this new virus, noting its avian origins and possible impact on mammalian species, including humans.

Background of the Study

  • In 1989, horses in Northeast China experienced a serious respiratory disease outbreak, with some herds seeing 20% mortality.
  • A unique H3N8 subtype influenza virus was identified from the infected horses, which was different from the equine influenza viruses that were presently known to be spreading worldwide.
  • This paper investigates the characterization of this new equine virus, referencing the strain A/Equine/Jilin/1/89 (H3N8) and its close relation to avian H3N8 influenza viruses.

Characteristics of the Virus & Genetic Tracking

  • Genomic analysis displayed that six of the virus’s eight gene segments were closely similar to avian influenza viruses. These segments included the hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and NS genes.
  • The genetic connection between this equine influenza virus and an H14 subtype discovered in ducks in the USSR was particularly noted based on sequencing of the NP gene segment.
  • Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes have a recent avian origin.

Outcomes and Implications

  • Despite its avian background, the A/Equine/Jilin/1/89 (H3N8) virus could not replicate in ducks. However, it did reproduce and induced disease in mice and ferrets, highlighting the virus’s zoonotic potential.
  • In 1990, another outbreak with similar viral characteristics occurred with a 48% morbidity rate but no fatalities. It is suggested that the lesser death rate owed to better immunity among the horses.
  • No occurrences of the virus were reported after the year 1991 nor in nearby regions.
  • This study suggest that this new equine influenza could be the latest virus from the avian gene pool successfully entering mammals like horses without reassortment.
  • The emergence of this new virus underscores the potential hazards of whole avian influenza viruses invading mammalian hosts. It also serves as a caution for the arrival of new pandemic influenza viruses in humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Guo Y, Wang M, Kawaoka Y, Gorman O, Ito T, Saito T, Webster RG. (1992). Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China. Virology, 188(1), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90754-d

Publication

Virology
ISSN: 0042-6822
NlmUniqueID: 0110674
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 188
Issue: 1
Pages: 245-255

Researcher Affiliations

Guo, Y
  • Department of Influenza, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing.
Wang, M
    Kawaoka, Y
      Gorman, O
        Ito, T
          Saito, T
            Webster, R G

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Antigens, Viral / genetics
              • Antigens, Viral / immunology
              • Base Composition
              • Chick Embryo
              • China / epidemiology
              • Cloning, Molecular
              • Genes, Viral
              • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
              • Horse Diseases / microbiology
              • Horses
              • Humans
              • Influenza A virus / genetics
              • Influenza A virus / immunology
              • Influenza A virus / isolation & purification
              • Influenza A virus / pathogenicity
              • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
              • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / microbiology
              • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
              • Phylogeny
              • Species Specificity
              • Virus Replication

              Grant Funding

              • AI 29680 / NIAID NIH HHS
              • AI-08831 / NIAID NIH HHS
              • AI-29599 / NIAID NIH HHS

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