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Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde2022; 164(10); 733-739; doi: 10.17236/sat00372

Characterization of an outbreak of equine coronavirus infection in adult horses in Switzerland.

Abstract: Outbreaks of equine coronavirus (ECoV) infections have been described in different parts of the world including Europe. The aim of this report was to describe clinical signs, diagnostic work-up and outcome of the first documented outbreak of ECoV in Switzerland in order to raise the awareness for the disease and its various clinical presentations. The outbreak occurred on a farm with 26 horses. Of these, seven horses developed clinical disease ranging from mild signs such as fever and anorexia to severe signs of acute colitis. One horse died due to severe endotoxemia and circulatory shock secondary to severe acute necrotizing enteritis and colitis. Out of the 26 horses, five horses tested positive for ECoV, including two ponies without any clinical signs of infection. The low number of positive cases should nevertheless be interpreted with caution as testing was only performed on one occasion, over a month after the onset of clinical signs in the first suspected case. This report highlights the importance of diagnostic testing and early implementation of biosecurity measures on a farm with an ECoV outbreak. It should furthermore raise the awareness for unspecific and mild clinical signs such as fever and anorexia in affected animals that are potentially able to spread the disease. Ausbrüche von Infektionen mit dem Equinen Coronavirus (ECoV) wurden in verschiedenen Teilen der Welt, einschliesslich Europa, beschrieben. Das Ziel dieses Berichts war es, klinische Anzeichen, diagnostische Aufarbeitung und die Ergebnisse des ersten dokumentierten Ausbruchs von ECoV in der Schweiz zu beschreiben, dies um das Bewusstsein für die Krankheit und ihre verschiedenen klinischen Präsentationen zu schärfen. Der Ausbruch ereignete sich auf einem Reitstall mit 26 Pferden. Sieben Pferde entwickelten eine klinische Erkrankung, die von leichten Krankeitsanzeichen wie Fieber und Anorexie bis zu einer schweren, akuten Kolitis reichte. Ein Pferd verstarb an einer schweren Endotoxämie mit Kreislaufschock infolge einer schweren akuten nekrotisierenden Enteritis und Kolitis. Von den 26 Pferden wurden fünf positiv auf ECoV getestet, darunter zwei Ponys ohne klinische Anzeichen. Die geringe Anzahl positiver Fälle sollte jedoch mit Vorsicht interpretiert werden, da die Tests nur einmal, nach mehr als einen Monat nach Auftreten der klinischen Symptome im ersten Verdachtsfall, durchgeführt wurden. Dieser Bericht hebt die Bedeutung diagnostischer Tests und der frühzeitigen Umsetzung von Biosicherheitsmassnahmen in einem Betrieb mit einem ECoV-Ausbruch hervor. Ausserdem soll das Bewusstsein für mögliche Krankheitsüberträger mit unspezifischen und milden klinischen Anzeichen wie Fieber und Anorexie geschärft werden. Des foyers d’infection à coronavirus équin (ECoV) ont été décrits dans différentes parties du monde, y compris en Europe. L’objectif de ce rapport est de décrire les signes cliniques, le diagnostic et les conséquences du premier foyer d’ECoV documenté en Suisse, afin de sensibiliser le public à cette maladie et à ses différents aspects cliniques. L’épidémie s’est produite dans une écurie comptant 26 chevaux. Parmi ceux-ci, sept chevaux ont développé une forme clinique allant de signes légers tels que la fièvre et l’anorexie à des signes sévères de colite aiguë. Un cheval est mort en raison d’une endotoxémie sévère et d›un choc circulatoire secondaire à une entérite nécrosante aiguë sévère et à une colite. Sur les 26 chevaux, cinq ont été testés positifs à l›ECoV, dont deux poneys sans aucun signe clinique d’infection. Le faible nombre de cas positifs doit néanmoins être interprété avec prudence car les tests n’ont été effectués qu’à une seule occasion, plus d’un mois après l’apparition des signes cliniques chez le premier cas suspect. Ce rapport souligne l’importance des tests de diagnostic et de la mise en œuvre rapide de mesures de biosécurité dans une exploitation où un foyer d’ECoV est détecté. Il devrait en outre sensibiliser à la présence de signes cliniques peu spécifiques et bénins tels que la fièvre et l’anorexie chez les animaux atteints qui sont potentiellement capables de propager la maladie. Focolai di infezioni da coronavirus (ECoV) sono stati descritti in varie parti del mondo inclusa l’Europa. Lo scopo di questo studio era di descrivere i segni clinici, il percorso diagnostico e l’esito del primo focolaio documentato di ECoV in Svizzera in modo di poter aumentare la consapevolezza sulla malattia e le sue varie presentazioni cliniche. Il focolaio è comparso in un’azienda con 26 cavalli. Fra questi, sette cavalli hanno sviluppato una malattia clinica che comprendeva sintomi lievi come febbre e l’anoressia e sintomi gravi come la colite acuta. Un cavallo è deceduto a causa di una severa endotossiemia e di uno shock circolatorio secondario a una grave enterite necrotizzante acuta e una colite. Tra i 26 cavalli, cinque sono risultati positivi al ECoV, inclusi due pony senza alcun segno clinico. Tuttavia, il basso numero di casi positivi deve essere interpretato con molta cautela poiché i test sono stati eseguiti una sola volta e a più di un mese dall’insorgere dei primi segni clinici nel primo caso sospetto. Questo rapporto sottolinea l’importanza dei test diagnostici e dell’implementazione tempestiva di misure di biosicurezza negli allevamenti con un focolaio di ECoV. Inoltre, bisognerebbe aumentare la consapevolezza sulla presenza di segni clinici, non specifici e lievi come febbre e anoressia, negli animali affetti, potenzialmente in grado di diffondere la malattia.
Publication Date: 2022-10-05 PubMed ID: 36193783DOI: 10.17236/sat00372Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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This research focuses on an outbreak of equine coronavirus (ECoV) among adult horses in Switzerland. It details the observation, diagnosis, and outcome of the outbreak to provide a better understanding of ECoV’s clinical symptoms for improved prevention and treatment.

Overview of the study

  • The study was conducted on a farm with 26 horses. Of these, seven developed symptoms of the ECoV infection. The symptoms ranged from mild indications, like fever and anorexia, to severe signs resembling acute colitis.
  • One horse died from severe endotoxemia and circulatory shock, which were secondary effects caused by acute necrotizing enteritis and colitis.
  • Of the 26 horses, five tested positive for ECoV, including two ponies that did not display any sign of infection. However, the low number of positive cases should be interpreted cautiously, as the testing was done only once, more than a month after the first clinical symptom was observed.
  • The results highlighted the importance of diagnostic testing and early biosecurity measures in dealing with an ECoV outbreak.

Interpretation and Implications

  • The study aims to improve the awareness of ECoV, its symptoms, and clinical presentations, as well as the necessity for swift implementation of biosecurity measures in the event of an outbreak.
  • Additionally, the research emphasizes looking out for mild symptoms like fever and anorexia, which although may seem harmless, can potentially serve as indicators of the ECoV condition. The possibility of disease spread despite the absence of apparent symptoms, as observed in the two ponies, is an area that requires additional vigilance.
  • Considering the delayed diagnostic testing and the relatively low number of positive cases, the validity and scope of the study may be limited. Nonetheless, it serves as an essential examination of an ECoV outbreak and will contribute to future research and action against similar outbreaks.

Cite This Article

APA
Fouché N, Remy-Wohlfender F, Blau D, Franzen J, Gurtner C, Seuberlich T, Unger L, Gerber V. (2022). Characterization of an outbreak of equine coronavirus infection in adult horses in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 164(10), 733-739. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00372

Publication

ISSN: 1664-2848
NlmUniqueID: 0424247
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 164
Issue: 10
Pages: 733-739

Researcher Affiliations

Fouché, N
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Remy-Wohlfender, F
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Blau, D
  • National Horse Center, Bern.
Franzen, J
  • Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Gurtner, C
  • Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Seuberlich, T
  • Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Unger, L
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Gerber, V
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anorexia / veterinary
  • Betacoronavirus 1
  • Colitis / epidemiology
  • Colitis / veterinary
  • Coronavirus Infections / diagnosis
  • Coronavirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Coronavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Feces
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses
  • Switzerland / epidemiology

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Ricci I, Rosone F, Pacchiarotti G, Manna G, Cersini A, Carvelli A, La Rocca D, Cammalleri E, Giordani R, Tofani S, Conti R, Rombolà P, Nardini R, Minniti CA, Caforio R, Linardi B, Scicluna MT. Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Detected in Italian Horse Populations. Viruses 2025 Aug 2;17(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v17081076pubmed: 40872790google scholar: lookup