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PloS one2019; 14(9); e0222989; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222989

Characterization of bony changes localized to the cervical articular processes in a mixed population of horses.

Abstract: The objectives of this observational, cross-sectional study were to characterize and establish the prevalence of osseous proliferation of articular surfaces, joint margins and adjacent soft tissue attachments (i.e., joint capsule and deep spinal muscles) in a mixed population of horses of variable ages, sizes, and breeds to better capture the full spectrum of disease affecting the cervical articular processes. Cranial and caudal articular processes of the cervical and first three thoracic vertebrae (C2-T3) from 55 horses without a primary complaint of neck pain were evaluated for the presence and severity of abnormal bony changes. Data were analyzed to compare alterations in joint margin quadrants, paired articular surfaces within a synovial articulation, left-right laterality, and vertebral level distributions and to determine associations with age, wither height and sex. Seventy-two percent of articular processes had bony changes that were considered abnormal. Osteophyte formation was the most common bony change noted. Overall grades of severity included: normal (28%), mild (45%), moderate (22%), and severe (5%). The highest prevalence of mild changes was localized to the C3-C6 vertebral levels; moderate changes to C6-T2; and severe changes to C2-C3 and C6-T2. Most paired articular surfaces and left-right grades of severity were not significantly different. The grade of osseous pathology was positively associated with both age and wither height. A high prevalence and wide variety of abnormal bony changes of varying severity were found in articular processes across all vertebral levels. The clinical significance of the described lesions is unknown, but the findings are expected to enhance the reporting of articular process and periarticular changes noted on advanced diagnostic imaging of the equine cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral regions.
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Publication Date: 2019-09-26 PubMed ID: 31557207PubMed Central: PMC6762202DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222989Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Observational Study
  • Veterinary
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study focused on examining and identifying the occurrence of abnormal bone growth on joints, joint margins, and nearby soft tissue aspects in horses of varying age, size, and breed. The majority of the examined horses had noticeable abnormal bony changes, with the severity of such changes having a correlation with the animals’ age and size. The implications of these findings are yet to be determined.

Study Objectives and Methodology

  • The purpose of the research was to identify and quantify abnormal bone growths occurring in the spinal processes of horses of different breeds, ages, and sizes to gain a clearer understanding of this condition.
  • The study was observational and cross-sectional, meaning it observed a specific population at a specific point in time.
  • The horses included did not show primary signs of neck discomfort. The cervical and first three thoracic vertebrae (C2-T3) of the 55 horses underwent evaluation to ascertain the presence and severity of abnormal bone changes.
  • The study then compared alterations within different quadrants of the joint margin, various synovial articulations, the left-right laterality, and distribution at different vertebral levels.
  • Furthermore, the data was cross referenced according to age, sex, and horse’s wither height (height from the top of the shoulders to the ground) to identify any potential associations.

Key Findings

  • An overwhelming 72% of the horses showed abnormal bony changes in the examined area. Osteophyte formation or the development of bony protrusions was the most common finding.
  • The observed changes were categorized into four grades of severity: normal (no significant changes observed, 28%), mild (45%), moderate (22%), and severe (5%).
  • Mild changes were most common in the area spanning the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae (C3-C6).
  • Moderate changes were more common in the vertebrae from C6 to T2 (the second thoracic vertebrae).
  • Severe changes were observed in the C2-C3 and C6-T2 regions.
  • Most paired joint surfaces and left-right severity grades did not show significant differences.
  • The age and the wither height of the horses had a positive association with the detected severity of the bony pathologies.

Implications

  • The research unveiled a high prevalence of abnormal bony changes, in horses, varying in severity across different vertebral levels.
  • The clinical implications of such lesions are still uncertain.
  • However, these insights significantly contribute to the identification and reporting of such changes while performing advanced diagnostic imaging of the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral regions in equines.
  • Understanding these findings could be crucial in the development of treatment strategies and preventive measures for similar conditions in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Haussler KK, Pool RR, Clayton HM. (2019). Characterization of bony changes localized to the cervical articular processes in a mixed population of horses. PLoS One, 14(9), e0222989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222989

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: e0222989
PII: e0222989

Researcher Affiliations

Haussler, Kevin K
  • Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
Pool, Roy R
  • Texas A&M University, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
Clayton, Hilary M
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cervical Vertebrae / pathology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Joints / pathology
  • Male
  • Neck Pain / epidemiology
  • Neck Pain / etiology
  • Neck Pain / veterinary
  • Osteophyte / complications
  • Osteophyte / epidemiology
  • Osteophyte / pathology
  • Osteophyte / veterinary
  • Prevalence
  • Thoracic Vertebrae / pathology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

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