FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Vaccine2001; 19(30); 4307-4317; doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00131-1

Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares.

Abstract: Pregnant mares and young foals were vaccinated with Duvaxyn EHV1,4, an inactivated and adjuvanted vaccine containing both the EHV-1 and 4 antigens. SN and CF antibody titres were induced two weeks after first vaccination. Antibody levels were boosted after second vaccination, however they never reached the levels induced after virus challenge. Young foals were challenged with virulent EHV-1 and EHV-4 field viruses. Pregnant mares were challenged with the highly abortigenic EHV-1 strain Ab4. Vaccinated animals showed a clear reduction in clinical signs and virus excretion compared to unvaccinated control animals. Log transformed antibody levels could be correlated to duration of virus excretion. The incidence of EHV-1 induced abortions was drastically reduced in vaccinated mares. Therefore, although vaccinated animals are not fully protected against disease, Duvaxyn EHV1,4 clearly reduces clinical symptoms, the duration of virus shedding and the quantity of virus shed. It can be concluded that vaccination of foals and pregnant mares with Duvaxyn EHV1,4 significantly reduces the risk of abortions and outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by circulating field viruses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2001-07-18 PubMed ID: 11457558DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00131-1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper discusses a study on the effectiveness of Duvaxyn EHV1,4, a vaccine for equine herpesvirus (EHV) strains 1 & 4, in preventing respiratory disease and abortions in foals and pregnant mares. The vaccination was found to notably reduce clinical symptoms, viral shedding time, and quantity of virus excreted, leading to a significant reduction in disease outbreak risk.

Methodology and Experimental Procedure

  • The study involved vaccinating pregnant mares and young foals with Duvaxyn EHV1,4, an adjuvanted and inactivated vaccine that contains both the EHV-1 and 4 antigens, which induce the immune response to these strains of equine herpesvirus.
  • The immune response to the vaccine was tracked via the measurement of SN and CF antibody titres, indicators of the body’s defense mechanism against the specific viruses, two weeks after the initial vaccination.
  • A boost in antibody levels was observed after the second vaccination, although these levels never reached those induced in situations of actual viral challenge.
  • Following the vaccinations, “virus challenges” were performed where the foals were exposed to virulent strains of EHV-1 and -4 while the pregnant mares were exposed to the EHV-1 strain Ab4, known for causing abortions.

Results and Conclusions

  • Vaccinated animals demonstrated a noticeable reduction in clinical signs of disease compared to their unvaccinated counterparts; they also excreted lesser amounts of the virus and did so for a shorter duration.
  • Interestingly, a correlation was established between the log-transformed antibody levels and the duration of viral shedding. Higher antibody levels in the vaccinated animals corresponded to shorter durations of virus shedding.
  • Most significantly, the vaccine was found to substantially lower the occurrence of EHV-1-induced abortions in the vaccinated mares.
  • The study concluded that even though the Duvaxyn EHV1,4 vaccine does not provide complete protection against disease, it significantly reduces clinical symptoms, the duration and quantity of virus shedding.
  • Therefore, the use of the vaccine is beneficial in preventing outbreaks of respiratory diseases caused by the viruses in the field and lowering the risk of abortions in pregnant mares.

Cite This Article

APA
Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. (2001). Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares. Vaccine, 19(30), 4307-4317. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00131-1

Publication

Vaccine
ISSN: 0264-410X
NlmUniqueID: 8406899
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 30
Pages: 4307-4317

Researcher Affiliations

Heldens, J G
  • Fort Dodge Animal Health Holland, Department of Bio R&D, C.J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381, CP Weesp, The Netherlands. jacco.heldens@intervet.com
Hannant, D
    Cullinane, A A
      Prendergast, M J
        Mumford, J A
          Nelly, M
            Kydd, J H
              Weststrate, M W
                van den Hoven, R

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Abortion, Veterinary / prevention & control
                  • Animals
                  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
                  • Female
                  • Fever / etiology
                  • Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
                  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
                  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
                  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / isolation & purification
                  • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / immunology
                  • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / isolation & purification
                  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
                  • Horses
                  • Nasopharynx / virology
                  • Pregnancy
                  • Vaccination / veterinary
                  • Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
                  • Viral Vaccines / immunology
                  • Viremia / virology

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 23 times.
                  1. Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022 Jan;20(1):e07036.
                    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036pubmed: 35035581google scholar: lookup
                  2. Agerholm JS, Klas EM, Damborg P, Borel N, Pedersen HG, Christoffersen M. A Diagnostic Survey of Aborted Equine Fetuses and Stillborn Premature Foals in Denmark. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:740621.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740621pubmed: 34859085google scholar: lookup
                  3. El Brini Z, Fassi Fihri O, Paillot R, Lotfi C, Amraoui F, El Ouadi H, Dehhaoui M, Colitti B, Alyakine H, Piro M. Seroprevalence of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the Northern Moroccan Horse Populations. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 29;11(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani11102851pubmed: 34679874google scholar: lookup
                  4. Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C(2254)/H(752) Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour. Viruses 2020 Oct 13;12(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/v12101160pubmed: 33066315google scholar: lookup
                  5. Attili AR, Colognato R, Preziuso S, Moriconi M, Valentini S, Petrini S, De Mia GM, Cuteri V. Evaluation of Three Different Vaccination Protocols against EHV1/EHV4 Infection in Mares: Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Jun 1;8(2).
                    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020268pubmed: 32492841google scholar: lookup
                  6. Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA, Raza F, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease. J Virol 2019 Nov 15;93(22).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01011-19pubmed: 31462575google scholar: lookup
                  7. Azab W, Bedair S, Abdelgawad A, Eschke K, Farag GK, Abdel-Raheim A, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder N, Ali AAH. Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt. Vet Med Sci 2019 Aug;5(3):361-371.
                    doi: 10.1002/vms3.176pubmed: 31149784google scholar: lookup
                  8. Schnabel CL, Wimer CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Watts C, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity. BMC Vet Res 2018 Aug 22;14(1):245.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1563-4pubmed: 30134896google scholar: lookup
                  9. Kolb AW, Lewin AC, Moeller Trane R, McLellan GJ, Brandt CR. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of the herpesvirus genus varicellovirus. BMC Genomics 2017 Nov 21;18(1):887.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4283-4pubmed: 29157201google scholar: lookup
                  10. Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res 2017 Oct;78(10):1126-1139.
                    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126pubmed: 28945127google scholar: lookup
                  11. Gildea S, Sanchez Higgins MJ, Johnson G, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus - a practical approach. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Sep;10(5):433-7.
                    doi: 10.1111/irv.12396pubmed: 27169603google scholar: lookup
                  12. Bergmann T, Moore C, Sidney J, Miller D, Tallmadge R, Harman RM, Oseroff C, Wriston A, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Osterrieder N, Peters B, Antczak DF, Sette A. The common equine class I molecule Eqca-1*00101 (ELA-A3.1) is characterized by narrow peptide binding and T cell epitope repertoires. Immunogenetics 2015 Nov;67(11-12):675-89.
                    doi: 10.1007/s00251-015-0872-zpubmed: 26399241google scholar: lookup
                  13. Bannai H, Mae N, Ode H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Successful control of winter pyrexias caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 in Japanese training centers by achieving high vaccination coverage. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014 Aug;21(8):1070-6.
                    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00258-14pubmed: 24872513google scholar: lookup
                  14. Said A, Azab W, Damiani A, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesvirus type 4 UL56 and UL49.5 proteins downregulate cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I expression independently of each other. J Virol 2012 Aug;86(15):8059-71.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00891-12pubmed: 22623773google scholar: lookup
                  15. Goodman LB, Wimer C, Dubovi EJ, Gold C, Wagner B. Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Feb;19(2):235-41.
                    doi: 10.1128/CVI.05522-11pubmed: 22205656google scholar: lookup
                  16. Patel JR, Heldens JG. Immunoprophylaxis against important virus disease of horses, farm animals and birds. Vaccine 2009 Mar 13;27(12):1797-1810.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.063pubmed: 19402200google scholar: lookup
                  17. de la Cuesta-Torrado M, Vitale V, Velloso Alvarez A, Neira-Egea P, Diss C, Cuervo-Arango J. The Effect of Vaccination Status on Total Lymphocyte Count in Horses Affected by Equine Herpes Virus-1 Myeloencephalopathy. Animals (Basel) 2025 Apr 1;15(7).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani15071019pubmed: 40218411google scholar: lookup
                  18. de la Cuesta-Torrado M, Velloso Alvarez A, Santiago-Llorente I, Armengou L, Nieto F, Ríos J, Cruz-López F, Jose-Cunilleras E. Risk Factors and Long-Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70040.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70040pubmed: 40055829google scholar: lookup
                  19. Normand C, Thieulent CJ, Fortier C, Sutton G, Senamaud-Beaufort C, Jourdren L, Blugeon C, Vidalain PO, Pronost S, Hue ES. A Screening Study Identified Decitabine as an Inhibitor of Equid Herpesvirus 4 That Enhances the Innate Antiviral Response. Viruses 2024 May 8;16(5).
                    doi: 10.3390/v16050746pubmed: 38793627google scholar: lookup
                  20. Soboll-Hussey G, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross P, Neinast C, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Lunn DP. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1872-1891.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16948pubmed: 38069576google scholar: lookup
                  21. Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1765-1791.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16958pubmed: 38069548google scholar: lookup
                  22. Osterrieder K, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring LS, Gross P, Neinast C, Pusterla N, Hussey GS, Lunn DP. Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1858-1871.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16895pubmed: 37930113google scholar: lookup
                  23. Bergmann M, Speck S, Rieger A, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Antibody response to feline herpesvirus-1 vaccination in healthy adult cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020 Apr;22(4):329-338.
                    doi: 10.1177/1098612X19845702pubmed: 31079527google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 100,129 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.