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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(3); 766; doi: 10.3390/ani11030766

Colloidal Iron Oxide Formulation for Equine Hoof Disinfection.

Abstract: The presence of bacteria of various origins on horse hoofs enables the onset of infections following trauma or even post-surgical wounds. Thus, the analysis of new antibacterial substances is of fundamental importance. In this study, the antibacterial efficacy of Iron Animals (IA), a stable colloidal suspension of iron oxide, organic acids, and detergents, was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays were performed to test the unspecific inhibitory effect of IA on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria monitoring the microorganism growth by spectrophotometry (optical density OD600) at 37 °C for 24 h. In vivo test consists on the quantification of the bacterial load in colony forming units per gram (CFU/g) of specimens collected from the frog region of the anterior hooves of 11 horses. Sampling followed the application of four disinfectant protocols consisting of two consecutive 3 min scrubs with 50 mL of 10% Povidone-iodine (PI) or 4% Chlorhexidine (CHx), with or without an additional application for 15 min of 10 mL of Iron Animals (PI+IA and CHx+IA). , IA completely suppressed the bacterial growth of all the tested microorganisms, resulting in effectiveness also against CHx-resistant bacteria, such as . In vivo, PI emerged as an ineffective protocol; CHx was effective in 18% of cases, but with the addition of IA (CHx + IA) its use emerged as the best disinfectant protocol for horse hoof, achieving the lowest bacterial load in 55% of cases. The addition of IA, after PI or CHx, improves the effectiveness of both disinfectants leading to the highest bactericidal activity in 82% of cases.
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Publication Date: 2021-03-10 PubMed ID: 33801981PubMed Central: PMC8000413DOI: 10.3390/ani11030766Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research evaluates the disinfection effectiveness of ‘Iron Animals’ (IA), a formula containing iron-oxide, organic acids, and detergents, in reducing bacterial presence on horse hooves. The study indicates that IA, coupled with common disinfectants, significantly suppresses bacterial growth both in lab conditions and in real-life applications.

Research Methodology

The study was divided into two major procedures:

  • In vitro testing: The laboratory testing involved evaluating the inhibitory effect of the IA formula on various species of bacteria – both gram-positive and gram-negative. The bacterial growth was monitored for 24 hours under spectrophotometric observation.
  • In vivo testing: Real-life tests were conducted on the anterior hooves of 11 horses. Samples were collected from the frog region of the hooves after applying four different disinfection protocols. These protocols included disinfection with Povidone-iodine (PI) or Chlorhexidine (CHx), each on its own and each in combination with an additional application of IA.

Findings

The research findings included the following results:

  • During in vitro testing, it was found that IA suppressed bacterial growth completely across all tested microorganisms. This includes bacteria that have shown resistance to CHx in the past.
  • When applied solo, PI was found to be ineffective during in vivo testing. While CHx was found to be effective in a meagre 18% of cases.
  • However, when CHx was used in combination with IA (CHx + IA), it emerged as the best performing disinfectant, effectively reducing bacterial load in 55% of cases.
  • Applying IA after PI or CHx resulted in even higher bactericidal activity, proving effective in 82% of cases.

Implication and Conclusion

This research suggests that the Iron Animals formula can be a valuable addition to equine hoof disinfection processes. When used alongside conventional disinfectants such as PI or CHx, it significantly boosts bactericidal activity. This could be crucial in minimizing hoof infections in horses. However, further testing and research may be needed to formalize IA’s role in hoof care.

Cite This Article

APA
Isola M, Piccinotti C, Magro M, Fasolato L, Vianello F, Menandro ML, Memarian P, Rossi M, Falomo ME. (2021). Colloidal Iron Oxide Formulation for Equine Hoof Disinfection. Animals (Basel), 11(3), 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030766

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
PII: 766

Researcher Affiliations

Isola, Maurizio
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Piccinotti, Cristina
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Magro, Massimiliano
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Fasolato, Luca
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Vianello, Fabio
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Menandro, Maria Luisa
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Memarian, Parastoo
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Rossi, Melissa
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Falomo, Maria Elena
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.

Grant Funding

  • Ex60% / University of Padova - Ministry for Universities and Scientific and Technological Research (MURST, Italy)
  • DOR1989373 / University of Padova

Conflict of Interest Statement

Prof. Vianello and Dr. Magro are co-founders of AINT s.r.l., spin-off of the University of Padova, which produces Iron Animals.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Aragona F, Tabbì M, Gugliandolo E, Giannetto C, D'Angelo F, Fazio F, Interlandi C. Role of cannabidiolic acid or the combination of cannabigerol/cannabidiol in pain modulation and welfare improvement in horses with chronic osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1496473.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1496473pubmed: 39720409google scholar: lookup
  2. Interlandi C, Tabbì M, Di Pietro S, D'Angelo F, Costa GL, Arfuso F, Giudice E, Licata P, Macrì D, Crupi R, Gugliandolo E. Improved quality of life and pain relief in mature horses with osteoarthritis after oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil administration as part of an analgesic regimen. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1341396.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1341396pubmed: 38379920google scholar: lookup
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