Comparison of 2 collection methods for cerebrospinal fluid analysis from standing, sedate adult horses.
Abstract: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is an important component of the evaluation of horses with neurologic disease. Lumbosacral (LS) centesis is routine, but CSF is also collected from the space between the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1-C2). Objective: To compare collection times, CSF cytology results, and equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) titers of CSF collected from the C1-C2 and LS sites. Methods: Fifteen university-owned adult horses with no evidence of neurologic disease, and 9 horses with signs of neurologic disease: 3 university-owned and 6 client-owned. Methods: Prospective study. Cerebrospinal fluid collection from the LS space and C1-C2 space of each horse was performed in randomized order. Continuous data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear models and count data using mixed-effects negative binomial regression. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Results: Cerebrospinal fluid collected from the C1-C2 site had a significantly lower mean protein concentration (49 [95% CI: 43-55.8] mg/dL C1-C2 versus 52.1 [95% CI: 45.7-59.3] mg/dL LS; P = .03) and red blood cell count (6 [95% CI: 2-16] cells/μL versus 33 [95% CI: 13-81] cells/μL; P = .02). Collection time, total nucleated cell count, EPM titers, and serum:CSF EPM titer ratios were not significantly different between collection sites. Conclusions: Cerebrospinal fluid from the C1-C2 space provides an acceptable alternative to LS CSF collection with decreased likelihood of clinically important blood contamination of samples.
© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Publication Date: 2020-01-24 PubMed ID: 31977116PubMed Central: PMC7096653DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15702Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Adult Horses
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Study
- Comparative Study
- Cytology
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease Diagnosis
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
- Equine Science
- Horses
- Neurological Diseases
- Neurology
- Physiology
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Procedure
- Veterinary Research
Summary
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The research article presents a comparison between two methods of collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from adult horses, specifically, collection from the lumbosacral (LS) space, and the C1-C2 site (the space between the first and second cervical vertebrae). The research suggests that the CSF samples collected from the C1-C2 space can be an effective alternative to LS CSF collection, as it reduces the chances of significant blood contamination in samples.
Research Methods and Participants
- The investigation was a prospective study involving 24 horses – 15 owned by the university and without any signs of neurological diseases, and 9 with symptoms of neurological conditions, comprising 3 university-owned horses and 6 client-owned horses.
- Randomized Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection from both LS and C1-C2 spaces of each horse was carried out.
- The continuous data yielded by the research was analyzed via mixed-effects linear models, while the count data was examined utilizing mixed-effects negative binomial regression.
- A significance level of less than 0.05 was utilized in this study.
Results of the Research
- Findings revealed that the CSF collected from the C1-C2 site had significantly lower mean protein concentration (49 [95% CI: 43-55.8] mg/dL vs 52.1 [95% CI: 45.7-59.3] mg/dL LS) and red blood cell count (6 [95% CI: 2-16] cells/μL versus 33 [95% CI: 13-81] cells/μL).
- The collection time, total nucleated cell count, titers of Equine Protozoal Myelitis (EPM), and the ratio of serum:CSF EPM titer were not found to be significantly different between the two collection sites.
Research Conclusions
- The research concluded that using the C1-C2 space as a site for CSF collection provides an acceptable alternative to the commonly used LS space for CSF collection.
- This new method demonstrated a lower chance of clinically significant blood contamination in CSF samples when compared to the traditional method.
Cite This Article
APA
Chidlow H, Giguère S, Camus M, Wells B, Howerth E, Berghaus R, McConachie Beasley E.
(2020).
Comparison of 2 collection methods for cerebrospinal fluid analysis from standing, sedate adult horses.
J Vet Intern Med, 34(2), 972-978.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15702 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Georgia.
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Georgia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, Georgia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, Georgia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, Georgia.
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, Georgia.
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Georgia.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cerebrospinal Fluid / cytology
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Conscious Sedation / veterinary
- Female
- Horses / cerebrospinal fluid
- Lumbosacral Region
- Male
- Posture
- Prospective Studies
- Spinal Puncture / veterinary
Grant Funding
- n/a / University of Georgia New Faculty Research Funding-Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Conflict of Interest Statement
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
This article includes 13 references
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Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Luethy D, Colmer S, Jodzio D, Bender S, Porter E, Hemmen Z, Fultz L, Craft W, Walker R, Johnson A, Holbrook T. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and axonal degeneration after C1-C2 cervical centesis in 2 horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 May-Jun;37(3):1256-1261.
- Cock G, Blakeney Z, Hernandez JA, DeNotta S. Opioid-free sedation for atlantoaxial cerebrospinal fluid collection in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Sep;36(5):1812-1819.
- Young KAS, Hepworth-Warren KL, Dembek KA. Comparison of Fluid Analysis and Cytologic Findings of Cerebrospinal Fluid Between Three Collection Sites in Adult Equids With Neurological Disease. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:821815.
- Malmström E, Cole RC, Hofmeister EH, Stern JK, Passler T. Comparison of atlantoaxial and lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid centesis techniques in South American camelids. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Mar-Apr;38(2):1232-1239.
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