FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Comparison of Citrated Whole Blood to Native Whole Blood for...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(19); 2892; doi: 10.3390/ani14192892

Comparison of Citrated Whole Blood to Native Whole Blood for Coagulation Testing Using the Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor (VCM Vet™) in Horses.

Abstract: Viscoelastic monitoring of horse coagulation is increasing due to its advantages over traditional coagulation testing. The use of a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet™) has been validated for use in horses using native whole blood (NWB) but has not been assessed using citrated whole blood (CWB), a technique that might have advantages in practicality and precision. Blood was collected from 70 horses, tested in duplicate immediately using NWB (T0), and stored at room temperature as CWB for testing in duplicate at 1 (T1) and 4 (T4) hours after venipuncture for comparison to NWB. Of these horses, 20 were classified as clinically healthy and used to determine reference intervals for CWB at 1 and 4 h post-collection. There were clinically relevant differences in all measured viscoelastic parameters of CWB compared to NWB meaning that they cannot be used interchangeably. These differences were not consistent at T1 and T4 meaning the resting time of CWB influences the results and should be kept consistent. The use of CWB in this study also resulted in more machine errors when compared to NWB resulting in measurements that might not be interpretable.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-10-08 PubMed ID: 39409841PubMed Central: PMC11476484DOI: 10.3390/ani14192892Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigated how citrated whole blood (CWB) measures up against native whole blood (NWB) for coagulation testing in horses using a specific monitoring tool. The study found out that there are significant differences in measured coagulation parameters between CWB and NWB, thus indicating that they cannot be used interchangeably.

Research Methodology

  • The research was conducted using blood samples taken from 70 horses.
  • These samples were tested immediately using NWB to provide the baseline measurements (T0).
  • The samples were then preserved using citrate at room temperature and tested again after 1 hour (T1) and 4 hours (T4).
  • Out of these horses, 20 were identified as clinically healthy. Their blood samples were used to establish reference intervals for coagulation parameters in CWB at T1 and T4.

Findings

  • There were significant differences in all measured parameters of CWB when compared to NWB. This led to the conclusion that NWB and CWB cannot be used interchangeably for coagulation monitoring in horses.
  • The variations in measurements weren’t consistent at T1 and T4. These findings imply that the resting duration of CWB can influence the final results and therefore, needs to be kept consistent.
  • CWB usage led to more machine errors as compared to NWB, which brings into question the reliability and interpretability of measurements taken from CWB samples.

Implications

  • The finding that CWB and NWB cannot be used interchangeably for monitoring coagulation in horses has vital implications for veterinary clinical practice. CWB may not be a reliable substitute for NWB in coagulation testing, particularly if precise measurements are needed.
  • The observation that the resting time of CWB impacts the measurement results implies that it would be crucial to control this variable to ensure consistent and reliable results.
  • The higher incidence of machine errors with CWB raises concerns about the practicality and reliability of this method in veterinary settings. More equipment calibrations or improvements might be needed before implementing CWB for coagulation monitoring in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Vokes JR, Lovett AL, de Kantzow MC, Rogers CW, Wilkins PA, Sykes BW. (2024). Comparison of Citrated Whole Blood to Native Whole Blood for Coagulation Testing Using the Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor (VCM Vet™) in Horses. Animals (Basel), 14(19), 2892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192892

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 19
PII: 2892

Researcher Affiliations

Vokes, Jessica R
  • School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
Lovett, Amy L
  • School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
de Kantzow, Max C
  • Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra 2601, Australia.
Rogers, Chris W
  • School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
Wilkins, Pamela A
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
Sykes, Benjamin W
  • School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.

Grant Funding

  • 1 / CSRD VA

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 43 references
  1. Monreal L, Cesarini C. Coagulopathies in Horses with Colic. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2009;25:247–258.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.001pubmed: 19580937google scholar: lookup
  2. Dallap S, Barbara L, Epstein K. Coagulopathy of the critically ill equine patient. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2009;19:53–65.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00390.xpubmed: 19691585google scholar: lookup
  3. Epstein K.L, Brainard B.M, Gomez-Ibanez S.E, Lopes M.A.F, Barton M.H, Moore J.N. Thrombelastography in Horses with Acute Gastrointestinal Disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2011;25:307–314.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0673.xpubmed: 21314719google scholar: lookup
  4. DeNotta S.L, Brooks M.B. Coagulation Assessment in the Equine Patient. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 2020;36:53–71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.001pubmed: 31987707google scholar: lookup
  5. Hyldahl Laursen S, Haubro Andersen P, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Wiinberg B. Comparison of components of biological variation between 3 equine thromboelastography assays. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2013;42:443–450.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12079pubmed: 24102554google scholar: lookup
  6. Leclere M, Lavoie J.-P, Dunn M, Bédard C. Evaluation of a modified thrombelastography assay initiated with recombinant human tissue factor in clinically healthy horses. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2009;38:462–466.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00157.xpubmed: 19548973google scholar: lookup
  7. Thane K, Bedenice D, Pacheco A. Operator-based variability of equine thromboelastography. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2017;27:419–424.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.12610pubmed: 28520166google scholar: lookup
  8. Flatland B, Koenigshof A.M, Rozanski E.A, Goggs R, Wiinberg B. Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing part 2: Sample acquisition and handling. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2014;24:30–36.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.12142pubmed: 24472099google scholar: lookup
  9. de Laforcade A, Goggs R, Wiinberg B. Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing part 3: Assay activation and test protocol. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2014;24:37–46.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.12147pubmed: 24422721google scholar: lookup
  10. Yucupicio S.D, Bishop R.C, Fick M.E, Austin S.M, Barger A.M, Stolsworth B, Wilkins P.A. Prolonged holding time and sampling protocol affects viscoelastic coagulation parameters as measured by the VCM-Vet™ using fresh equine native whole blood. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2023;84:6.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.23.02.0039pubmed: 37225153google scholar: lookup
  11. York W, Smith M.R, Liu C.-C. Use of citrated whole blood for point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation testing in dogs. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:827350.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.827350pmc: PMC8940259pubmed: 35330612google scholar: lookup
  12. Henneke D.R, Potter G.D, Kreider J.L, Yeates B.F. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine Vet. J. 1983;15:371–372.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xpubmed: 6641685google scholar: lookup
  13. Mendez-Angulo J, Mudge M, Couto C. Thromboelastography in equine medicine: Technique and use in clinical research. Equine Vet. Educ. 2012;24:639–649.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00338.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  14. Lovett A.L, Gilliam L.L, Sykes B.W, McFarlane D. Thromboelastography in obese horses with insulin dysregulation compared to healthy controls. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2022;36:1131–1138.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16421pmc: PMC9151488pubmed: 35429197google scholar: lookup
  15. . Power Calculator for Continuous Outcome Equivalence Trial. .
  16. Bishop R.C, Kemper A.M, Burges J.W, Jandrey K.E, Wilkins P.A. Preliminary evaluation of reference intervals for a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) in healthy adult horses. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2023;33:540–548.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.13317pubmed: 37561043google scholar: lookup
  17. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Vienna, Austria: 2023.
  18. Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, D’Agostino McGowan L, Francois R, Grolemund G, Hayes A, Henry L, Hester J. Welcome to the tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 2019;4:1686.
    doi: 10.21105/joss.01686google scholar: lookup
  19. Wickham H. Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer; Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: 2016.
  20. Bland J.M, Altman D.G. Statistical Methods For Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods Of Clinical Measurement. Lancet 1986;327:307–310.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8pubmed: 2868172google scholar: lookup
  21. Shieh G. The appropriateness of Bland-Altman’s approximate confidence intervals for limits of agreement. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2018;18:45.
    doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0505-ypmc: PMC5964973pubmed: 29788915google scholar: lookup
  22. Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 2015;67:1–48.
    doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01google scholar: lookup
  23. Lüdecke D. Sjstats: Statistical Functions for Regression Models. Version 0.17.2, 15 November 2018.
  24. Friedrichs K.R, Harr K.E, Freeman K.P, Szladovits B, Walton R.M, Barnhart K.F, Blanco-Chavez J. ASVCP reference interval guidelines: Determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2012;41:441–453.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12006pubmed: 23240820google scholar: lookup
  25. Finnegan D. ReferenceIntervals. 2020.
  26. Burton A.G, Jandrey K.E. Use of Thromboelastography in Clinical Practice. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2020;50:1397–1409.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.08.001pubmed: 32981595google scholar: lookup
  27. Hans G.A, Besser M.W. The place of viscoelastic testing in clinical practice. Br. J. Haematol. 2016;173:37–48.
    doi: 10.1111/bjh.13930pubmed: 26818064google scholar: lookup
  28. Camenzind V, Bombeli T, Seifert B, Jamnicki M, Popovic D, Pasch T, Spahn D.R. Citrate Storage Affects Thrombelastograph® Analysis. Anesthesiology 2000;92:1242–1249.
    doi: 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00011pubmed: 10781268google scholar: lookup
  29. Vig S, Chitolie A, Bevan D.H, Halliday A, Dormandy J. Thromboelastography: A reliable test?. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 2001;12:555–561.
    doi: 10.1097/00001721-200110000-00008pubmed: 11685044google scholar: lookup
  30. Rossi T.M, Smith S.A, McMichael M.A, Wilkins P.A. Evaluation of contact activation of citrated equine whole blood during storage and effects of contact activation on results of recalcification-initiated thromboelastometry. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2014;76:122–128.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.76.2.122pubmed: 25629909google scholar: lookup
  31. Paltrinieri S, Meazza C, Giordano A, Tunesi C. Validation of thromboelastometry in horses. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2008;37:277–285.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00052.xpubmed: 18761519google scholar: lookup
  32. Garcia-Pereira B.L, Scott M.A, Koenigshof A.M, Brown A.J. Effect of venipuncture quality on thromboelastography. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2012;22:225–229.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00724.xpubmed: 22487300google scholar: lookup
  33. Goggs R, Brainard B, De Laforcade A.M, Flatland B, Hanel R, McMichael M, Wiinberg B. Partnership on Rotational ViscoElastic Test Standardization (PROVETS): Evidence-based guidelines on rotational viscoelastic assays in veterinary medicine. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2014;24:1–22.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.12144pubmed: 24422679google scholar: lookup
  34. Zambruni A, Thalheimer U, Leandro G, Perry D, Burroughs A.K. Thromboelastography with citrated blood: Comparability with native blood, stability of citrate storage and effect of repeated sampling. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 2004;15:103–107.
    doi: 10.1097/00001721-200401000-00017pubmed: 15166952google scholar: lookup
  35. Windberger U, Dibiasi C, Lotz E.M, Scharbert G, Reinbacher-Koestinger A, Ivanov I, Ploszczanski L, Antonova N, Lichtenegger H. The effect of hematocrit, fibrinogen concentration and temperature on the kinetics of clot formation of whole blood. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2020;75:431–445.
    doi: 10.3233/CH-190799pubmed: 32390608google scholar: lookup
  36. Beeck H, Becker T, Kiessig S.T, Kaeser R, Wolter K, Hellstern P. The influence of citrate concentration on the quality of plasma obtained by automated plasmapheresis: A prospective study. Transfusion 1999;11–12:1266–1270.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39111266.xpubmed: 10604256google scholar: lookup
  37. Bar J, Schoenfeld A, Hod M, Rabinerson D, Marmur A, Brook G.J, Aviram M. The effects of time interval after venipuncture and of anticoagulation on platelet adhesion and aggregation. Clin. Lab. Haematol. 1996;18:281–284.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.1996.tb01294.xpubmed: 9054703google scholar: lookup
  38. Germanovich K, Femia E.A, Cheng C.Y, Dovlatova N, Cattaneo M. Effects of pH and concentration of sodium citrate anticoagulant on platelet aggregation measured by light transmission aggregometry induced by adenosine diphosphate. Platelets 2017;29:21–26.
    doi: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1327655pubmed: 28643541google scholar: lookup
  39. Piccione G, Casella S, Giannetto C, Assenza A, Caola G. Effect of Different Storage Conditions on Platelet Aggregation in Horse. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2010;30:371–375.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.06.003google scholar: lookup
  40. Vincent J.L. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction: A renewed appreciation of sepsis pathophysiology. Crit. Care 2001;5:S1–S5.
    doi: 10.1186/cc1332pmc: PMC3300083pubmed: 11379985google scholar: lookup
  41. Chang J, Jandrey K.E, Burges J.W, Kent M.S. Comparison of healthy blood donor Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds using a novel point-of-care viscoelastic coagulometer. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2021;31:766–772.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.13129pubmed: 34555256google scholar: lookup
  42. Roeloffzen W.W, Kluin-Nelemans H.C, Mulder A.B, Veeger N.J, Bosman L, de Wolf J.T.M. In normal controls, both age and gender affect coagulability as measured by thrombelastography. Anesth. Analg. 2010;110:987–994.
    doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d31e91pubmed: 20357143google scholar: lookup
  43. McMichael M.A, Smith S.A, McConachie E.L, Lascola K, Wilkins P.A. In-vitro hypocoagulability on whole blood thromboelastometry associated with in-vivo expansion of red cell mass in an equine model. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2011;22:424–430.
    doi: 10.1097/MBC.0b013e3283464f83pubmed: 21508831google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,001 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.