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Parasites & vectors2021; 14(1); 597; doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05103-8

Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses.

Abstract: Cyathostomins are the most important and common parasitic nematodes of horses, with > 50 species known to occur worldwide. The frequent and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics has resulted in the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in horse nematodes. In this study we assessed the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against cyathostomins in Australian thoroughbred horses. Methods: Two drug efficacy trials per farm were conducted on two thoroughbred horse farms in the state of Victoria, Australia. In the first trial, the horses on Farm A were treated with single and combinations of anthelmintics, including oxfendazole (OFZ), abamectin (ABM), abamectin and morantel (ABM + MOR), moxidectin (MOX) and oxfendazole and pyrantel (OFZ + PYR), at the recommended doses, whereas the horses on Farm B only received MOX, at the recommended dose. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the efficacy and egg reappearance period (ERP) of anthelmintics. Based on the results of the first trial, the efficacies of MOX and a combination of ABM + MOR were reassessed to confirm their activities against cyathostomins. Results: Of the five anthelmintic products tested on Farm A, resistance against OFZ, ABM and OFZ + PYR was found, with efficacies of - 41% (- 195% lower confidence limit [LCL]), 73% (60% LCL) and 82% (66% LCL) at 2 weeks post-treatment, respectively. The FECRT showed high efficacies of MOX and ABM + MOR (100%) at 2 week post-treatment and shortened ERPs for these anthelmintics (ABM + MOR: 4 weeks; MOX: 5 weeks). Resistance to MOX was found on Farm B, with a reduced efficacy of 90% (70% LCL) and 89% (82% LCL) at 2 weeks post-treatment in trials one and two, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of MOX- and multidrug-resistant (ABM and combinations of anthelmintics) cyathostomins in Australia and indicates the need for continuous surveillance of the efficacy of currently effective anthelmintics and large-scale investigations to assess the ERP for various anthelmintics.
© 2021. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2021-12-04 PubMed ID: 34863271PubMed Central: PMC8645149DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05103-8Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study investigates the resistance of a common horse parasite (Cyathostomins) to various anti-parasitic drugs in Australian horses and finds initial evidence of multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for continued surveillance and study.

Introduction

  • Cyathostomins are noted as being the most prevalent and damaging parasitic nematodes affecting horses, having over 50 species that occur globally.
  • The frequent and unchecked use of anti-parasitic or anthelmintic drugs has led to a growing resistance in horse nematodes.
  • This study was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of commonly used anthelmintics against cyathostomins in Australian thoroughbred horses.

Methodology

  • The research took place on two horse farms in Victoria, Australia with two drug efficacy trials performed per farm.
  • Horses on Farm A were treated with both single and combination therapies of anthelmintics, including oxfendazole (OFZ), abamectin (ABM), moxidectin (MOX), and combinations of molupectrenone and pyrantel.
  • Contrarily, horses on Farm B were only treated with MOX.
  • The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was employed to determine the efficacy and egg reappearance period (ERP) of the anthelmintics.

Results

  • Of the five anthelmintic treatments trialed on Farm A, resistance was detected against OFZ, ABM, and the OFZ + PYR combination therapies, yielding efficacy levels of -41%, 73%, and 82% respectively after 2 weeks of treatment.
  • On the other hand, MOX, as well as the ABM + MOR combination treatment, showed high efficacy (100%) within a 2-week post-treatment window.
  • Resistance to MOX was identified on Farm B, showing a diminished efficacy at 90% and 89% in the two respective trials.

Conclusions

  • This study is the first to showcase evidence of MOX- and multi-drug-resistant cyathostomins in Australia.
  • The findings underscore the urgency for continued monitoring of the performance of current anthelmintics and more extensive investigations to determine the egg reappearance period for various anthelmintics.

Cite This Article

APA
Abbas G, Ghafar A, Hurley J, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Wilkes EJA, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Tennent-Brown B, Gauci CG, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. (2021). Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses. Parasit Vectors, 14(1), 597. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05103-8

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 597
PII: 597

Researcher Affiliations

Abbas, Ghazanfar
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Ghafar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Hurley, John
  • Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, VIC, Australia.
Bauquier, Jenni
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Beasley, Anne
  • School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.
Wilkes, Edwina J A
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
Jacobson, Caroline
  • Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
El-Hage, Charles
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Cudmore, Lucy
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia.
Carrigan, Peter
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia.
Tennent-Brown, Brett
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Gauci, Charles G
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Hughes, Kristopher J
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
Beveridge, Ian
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Jabbar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia. jabbara@unimelb.edu.au.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anthelmintics / pharmacology
  • Benzimidazoles / pharmacology
  • Drug Resistance, Multiple
  • Epidemiological Monitoring
  • Face / parasitology
  • Farms
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Ivermectin / analogs & derivatives
  • Ivermectin / pharmacology
  • Macrolides / pharmacology
  • Male
  • Morantel / pharmacology
  • Nematoda / drug effects
  • Nematode Infections / drug therapy
  • Nematode Infections / epidemiology
  • Nematode Infections / parasitology
  • Nematode Infections / veterinary
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors are members of the Australian Equine Parasitology Advisory Panel (AEPAP) supported by AgriFutures Australia and Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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