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Degradation of annular gap junctions of the equine hoof wall.
Abstract: Annular gap junctions interiorized within cells of the stratum spinosum of the coronary border of the equine hoof were degraded by two methods. Some were autophagocytized and some appeared to fuse with lysosomes to form heterophagosomes. Structural changes of partially degraded annular gap junctions included increased density of the enclosed cytoplasm, formation of filamentous or membrane-like material within the annular gap junction, and disruption of the circular or oval profile of the gap junction. The annular gap junctions are apparently incorporated into the fully keratinized cells of the stratum corneum.
Publication Date: 1984-01-01 PubMed ID: 6516782DOI: 10.1159/000145923Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article discusses the breakdown of circular gap junctions identified in certain cells of a horse’s hoof. This breakdown occurs by two methods and results in structural changes to the partially degraded gap junctions. Once they are fully broken down, these junctions are incorporated into other keratinized cells in the hoof.
Methods of Degradation
- The study has examined two ways by which annular gap junctions, located within stratum spinosum cells at the coronary border of a horse hoof, get degraded.
- One method observed is autophagocytosis, a process by which cells digest their own components.
- The second method seen is fusion with lysosomes to form heterophagosomes. Lysosomes are organelles in the cell that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Structural Changes of Gap Junctions
- The degradation of annular gap junctions brings about certain structural changes.
- Firstly, an increase in the density of the cytoplasm enclosed within the junctions is noticed. The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within cells that houses other cell components.
- Secondly, the formation of filamentous or membrane-like material within the gap junction is observed. These could be the by-products of the degradation process.
- Finally, disruption of the originally circular or oval profile of the gap junctions is recorded, indicating the breakdown of these structures.
Incorporation into Fully Keratinized Cells
- The last part of the study suggests that these broken down annular gap junctions are incorporated into the fully keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, another layer in the horse’s hoof.
- Keratinized cells are those that are filled with keratin, a protective protein. These are typically found in areas exposed to stress and wear such as the skin, hair, and nails (or hooves in this case).
- This suggests a potential role of these gap junctions in contributing to the structural integrity or functionality of the hoof.
Cite This Article
APA
Leach DH, Oliphant LW.
(1984).
Degradation of annular gap junctions of the equine hoof wall.
Acta Anat (Basel), 120(4), 214-219.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000145923 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cytoplasm / ultrastructure
- Hoof and Claw / ultrastructure
- Horses / anatomy & histology
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Thévenin AF, Margraf RA, Fisher CG, Kells-Andrews RM, Falk MM. Phosphorylation regulates connexin43/ZO-1 binding and release, an important step in gap junction turnover. Mol Biol Cell 2017 Dec 1;28(25):3595-3608.
- Falk MM, Bell CL, Kells Andrews RM, Murray SA. Molecular mechanisms regulating formation, trafficking and processing of annular gap junctions. BMC Cell Biol 2016 May 24;17 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):22.
- Zhu X, Ruan Z, Yang X, Chu K, Wu H, Li Y, Huang Y. Connexin 31.1 degradation requires the Clathrin-mediated autophagy in NSCLC cell H1299. J Cell Mol Med 2015 Jan;19(1):257-64.
- Fong JT, Nimlamool W, Falk MM. EGF induces efficient Cx43 gap junction endocytosis in mouse embryonic stem cell colonies via phosphorylation of Ser262, Ser279/282, and Ser368. FEBS Lett 2014 Mar 3;588(5):836-44.
- Falk MM, Kells RM, Berthoud VM. Degradation of connexins and gap junctions. FEBS Lett 2014 Apr 17;588(8):1221-9.
- Thévenin AF, Kowal TJ, Fong JT, Kells RM, Fisher CG, Falk MM. Proteins and mechanisms regulating gap-junction assembly, internalization, and degradation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2013 Mar;28(2):93-116.
- Falk MM, Fong JT, Kells RM, O'Laughlin MC, Kowal TJ, Thévenin AF. Degradation of endocytosed gap junctions by autophagosomal and endo-/lysosomal pathways: a perspective. J Membr Biol 2012 Aug;245(8):465-76.
- Fong JT, Kells RM, Gumpert AM, Marzillier JY, Davidson MW, Falk MM. Internalized gap junctions are degraded by autophagy. Autophagy 2012 May 1;8(5):794-811.
- Lichtenstein A, Minogue PJ, Beyer EC, Berthoud VM. Autophagy: a pathway that contributes to connexin degradation. J Cell Sci 2011 Mar 15;124(Pt 6):910-20.
- Piehl M, Lehmann C, Gumpert A, Denizot JP, Segretain D, Falk MM. Internalization of large double-membrane intercellular vesicles by a clathrin-dependent endocytic process. Mol Biol Cell 2007 Feb;18(2):337-47.
- Ohta M, Okanoue T, Takami S, Nagao Y, Mori T, Hori N, Oka M, Kagawa K, Kashima K. Morphological alterations of gap junctions in phalloidin-treated rat livers. J Gastroenterol 1994 Apr;29(2):172-9.
- Sasaki T, Garant PR. Fate of annular gap junctions in the papillary cells of the enamel organ in the rat incisor. Cell Tissue Res 1986;246(3):523-30.
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