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Parasites & vectors2020; 13(1); 530; doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04385-8

Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data.

Abstract: Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne pathogen endemic in countries in the Mediterranean basin, including Italy. Dogs act as the primary reservoir for this parasite, but other animal species may also be infected. Low-to-moderate seroprevalence levels of infection have been reported in apparent healthy equine populations in southern Europe, reinforcing the importance of exploring those species, including horses, that act as a food source for vectors and may thus participate in the epizoological scenario of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis (ZVL). Since little is known regarding the exposure to L. infantum in horses in Italy, we assessed the seroprevalence in healthy equine populations from different CanL endemic areas. Methods: The survey was conducted on 660 apparently healthy horses distributed throughout central and northern regions of Italy between 2016 and 2019. Blood samples were collected and the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies (IgG) was investigated by the immunofluorescence antibody test. Information on the location and altitude of the stables, along with the horses' breed, age, sex, and reproductive status was obtained by filling in a questionnaire. This was then used for statistical analysis by generalized linear models to explore risk factors associated with seroreactivity to L. infantum. Results: An average seroprevalence of 13.9% was detected for L. infantum in the equine populations investigated, with statistically significant associations between seroprevalence, geographical variables (northern vs central Italy, origin and altitude) and individual factors (i.e. age and breed morphotype). Conclusions: Our results highlight that horses are frequently exposed to L. infantum. Further prevalence surveys in horses, also using direct methods (e.g. PCR), are warranted to clarify the role of these hosts in the epidemiology of Leishmania in Italy.
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Publication Date: 2020-10-22 PubMed ID: 33092640PubMed Central: PMC7583181DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04385-8Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the prevalence of Leishmania infantum, a pathogen carried by dogs, in horses in different regions of Italy. The authors found a moderate level of infection in horses, suggesting they play a role in the disease’s spread.

Background

  • The Leishmania infantum parasite, typically carried by dogs, is common in countries surrounding the Mediterranean. Although dogs are the primary carriers, other animals, including horses, are also known to host the pathogen.
  • Due to reported infections in healthy equine populations, horses are being scrutinized for their potential to be a food source for vectors, thereby influencing the spread of zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis (ZVL) and canine leishmaniosis (CanL).
  • With limited existing knowledge on horses’ exposure levels to L. infantum in Italy, the researchers aimed to determine its prevalence in equine populations across different CanL endemic areas.

Methods

  • The researchers examined 660 healthy horses across the central and northern parts of Italy from 2016 to 2019.
  • Blood samples from the horses were taken and tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies, indicating the presence of infection.
  • Simultaneously, information such as the horses’ breed, age, sex, reproductive status, and the location and altitude of their stables was recorded to explore potential risk factors.
  • These factors were then statistically analyzed using generalized linear models to identify the risk factors contributing to the horse’s exposure to L. infantum.

Results

  • The study found that 13.9% of the horses tested had been exposed to L. infantum.
  • This prevalence was affected by geographical variables (whether the horses were from central or northern Italy) and individual characteristics (including age and breed).

Conclusions

  • The research concluded that horses in Italy are frequently exposed to L. infantum, indicating their role in the epidemiology of Leishmania.
  • As a result, the authors recommend further research using direct methods, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), to provide a clearer understanding of horses’ role in the spread and epidemiology of Leishmania in Italy.

Cite This Article

APA
Gazzonis AL, Bertero F, Moretta I, Morganti G, Mortarino M, Villa L, Zanzani SA, Morandi B, Rinnovati R, Vitale F, Manfredi MT, Cardoso L, Veronesi F. (2020). Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data. Parasit Vectors, 13(1), 530. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04385-8

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 530
PII: 530

Researcher Affiliations

Gazzonis, Alessia Libera
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
Bertero, Filippo
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
Moretta, Iolanda
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
Morganti, Giulia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
Mortarino, Michele
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
Villa, Luca
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
Zanzani, Sergio Aurelio
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
Morandi, Benedetto
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università Degli Studi Di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università Degli Studi Di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
Vitale, Fabrizio
  • National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
Manfredi, Maria Teresa
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy. mariateresa.manfredi@unimi.it.
Cardoso, Luis
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
Veronesi, Fabrizia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Dog Diseases / immunology
  • Dog Diseases / parasitology
  • Dog Diseases / transmission
  • Dogs
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / transmission
  • Horses / parasitology
  • Humans
  • Italy / epidemiology
  • Leishmania infantum / immunology
  • Leishmaniasis / immunology
  • Leishmaniasis / transmission
  • Leishmaniasis / veterinary
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / immunology
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / transmission
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / veterinary
  • Prevalence
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Zoonoses

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

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