FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Med Sci / Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian hor...
Veterinary medicine and science2019; 5(3); 361-371; doi: 10.1002/vms3.176

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt.

Abstract: Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) threaten equine health and can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Different equid herpesviruses, EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV5 are regularly detected among horse populations. In Egypt, monitoring is sporadic but EHV-1 or EHV-4 have been reported to circulate in the horse population. However, there is a lack of reports related to infection and health status of horses, likely due to the absence of regular diagnostic procedures. In the current study, the circulation of four infectious equid herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5) among different Arabian horse populations and donkeys residing the same farm was monitored. Different samples were collected and DNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative (q)-PCR to detect the four equid herpesviruses using specific primers and probes. Antibody titres against EHV-1 and EHV-4 were tested using virus neutralization test and type-specific ELISA. The results showed that EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5 are endemic and can be a continuous threat for horses in the absence of vaccination programs and frequent virus reactivation. There is an urgent need for introduction of active regular surveillance measures to investigate the presence of different equid herpesviruses, and other equine viral pathogens, in various horse populations around Egypt and to establish a standardized cataloguing of equine health status.
© 2019 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-05-31 PubMed ID: 31149784PubMed Central: PMC7155215DOI: 10.1002/vms3.176Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the presence of equid herpesviruses (EHVs) among various Arabian horse populations and donkeys in Egypt, highlighting the continuous threat of these viruses, especially in the absence of regular vaccination programs and diagnostic procedures.

Overview of the Research

  • This study primarily explores the circulation of four strains of equid herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, and EHV-5) in different Arabian horse populations and donkeys in Egypt. These viruses pose significant threats to equine health and can lead to considerable economic losses in the equine industry globally.
  • The research realized that while there have been reports of circulation of EHV-1 or EHV-4 in Egypt’s horse populations, there is a significant lack of comprehensive reports regarding the overall infection and health status of horses in the region. This insufficiency is attributed to the absent standard diagnostic procedures.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers collected different samples and extracted DNA, which was then subjected to a quantitative PCR test. This approach was taken to detect the presence of the four identified EHV strains using specific primers and probes.
  • Further, the team also tested for antibody titres against EHV-1 and EHV-4 using a virus neutralization test and type-specific ELISA.

Findings of the Study

  • The results indicated that EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, and EHV-5 are endemic in the region and continue to pose a substantial threat to horses, primarily because of the absence of regular vaccination programs and frequent virus reactivation.
  • Therefore, the study underscores the urgent need for introducing regular surveillance measures. These measures should actively investigate the presence of different EHVs and other equine viral pathogens among various horse populations across Egypt.
  • Additionally, the research calls for the development of a standardized cataloguing system for equine health status to bridge the existing reporting deficiencies.

Cite This Article

APA
Azab W, Bedair S, Abdelgawad A, Eschke K, Farag GK, Abdel-Raheim A, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder N, Ali AAH. (2019). Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt. Vet Med Sci, 5(3), 361-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.176

Publication

Veterinary medicine and science
ISSN: 2053-1095
NlmUniqueID: 101678837
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 361-371

Researcher Affiliations

Azab, Walid
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Bedair, Sameh
  • Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Abdelgawad, Azza
  • Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Eschke, Kathrin
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Farag, Gemelat K
  • Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Abdel-Raheim, Ali
  • Department of Gynecology and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Greenwood, Alex D
  • Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Ali, Ahmed A H
  • Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Egypt / epidemiology
  • Equidae
  • Female
  • Herpesviridae / isolation & purification
  • Herpesviridae Infections / epidemiology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Incidence
  • Male
  • Prevalence

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Abd El‐Hafeiz Y.G.M., Abu Maaty A., Darwish S.. Isolation of equine herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) as a cause of reproductive disorders with emphasis on antigenic and genetic identifications.. International Journal of Microbiological Research 2010;1:26–32.
  2. Abdelgawad A, Hermes R, Damiani A, Lamglait B, Czirják GÁ, East M, Aschenborn O, Wenker C, Kasem S, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Comprehensive Serology Based on a Peptide ELISA to Assess the Prevalence of Closely Related Equine Herpesviruses in Zoo and Wild Animals.. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0138370.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138370pmc: PMC4574707pubmed: 26378452google scholar: lookup
  3. Abdelgawad A, Damiani A, Ho SY, Strauss G, Szentiks CA, East ML, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections.. Viruses 2016 Sep 20;8(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v8090262pmc: PMC5035975pubmed: 27657113google scholar: lookup
  4. Allen GP, Bryans JT. Molecular epizootiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis of equine herpesvirus-1 infections.. Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 1986;2:78-144.
    pubmed: 2856183
  5. Al‐Shammari Z., Ahmed B., Haroun M., Afify A., Elsanousi A.A., Shalaby M.. a first molecular phylogeny of an egyptian equine herpesvirus‐4 strain derived from a fetal Arabian horse.. Journal of Veterinary Science & Medical Diagnosis 2016;5.
    doi: 10.4172/2325-9590.1000186google scholar: lookup
  6. Amer H., Shaltout A., El‐Sabagh I., El‐Sanousi A., Shalaby M.. Prevalence of equine herpes viruses 1, 2 and 4 in Arabian horse population in Egypt.. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2011;5:4805–4811.
  7. Back H, Ullman K, Treiberg Berndtsson L, Riihimäki M, Penell J, Ståhl K, Valarcher JF, Pringle J. Viral load of equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 in nasal swabs of actively racing Standardbred trotters: Temporal relationship of shedding to clinical findings and poor performance.. Vet Microbiol 2015 Sep 30;179(3-4):142-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.002pubmed: 26093774google scholar: lookup
  8. Borchers K, Ebert M, Fetsch A, Hammond T, Sterner-Kock A. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) DNA in ocular swabs and its cell tropism in equine conjunctiva.. Vet Microbiol 2006 Dec 20;118(3-4):260-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.024pubmed: 16996233google scholar: lookup
  9. Bresgen C, Lämmer M, Wagner B, Osterrieder N, Damiani AM. Serological responses and clinical outcome after vaccination of mares and foals with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) vaccines.. Vet Microbiol 2012 Nov 9;160(1-2):9-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.042pubmed: 22633483google scholar: lookup
  10. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Epitopes of glycoprotein G of equine herpesviruses 4 and 1 located near the C termini elicit type-specific antibody responses in the natural host.. J Virol 1993 Oct;67(10):6332-8.
    pmc: PMC238063pubmed: 7690425doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.6332-6338.1993google scholar: lookup
  11. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus).. Adv Virus Res 1995;45:153-90.
    pubmed: 7793324doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60060-3google scholar: lookup
  12. Crabb BS, MacPherson CM, Reubel GH, Browning GF, Studdert MJ, Drummer HE. A type-specific serological test to distinguish antibodies to equine herpesviruses 4 and 1.. Arch Virol 1995;140(2):245-58.
    pubmed: 7710353doi: 10.1007/bf01309860google scholar: lookup
  13. Damiani AM, de Vries M, Reimers G, Winkler S, Osterrieder N. A severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion outbreak caused by a neuropathogenic strain at a breeding farm in northern Germany.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Aug 27;172(3-4):555-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.023pubmed: 25042527google scholar: lookup
  14. Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, Hayward GS, McGeoch DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E. The order Herpesvirales.. Arch Virol 2009;154(1):171-7.
    pmc: PMC3552636pubmed: 19066710doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0278-4google scholar: lookup
  15. Dayaram A, Franz M, Schattschneider A, Damiani AM, Bischofberger S, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water.. Sci Rep 2017 Apr 21;7:46559.
    doi: 10.1038/srep46559pmc: PMC5399353pubmed: 28429732google scholar: lookup
  16. Dunowska M, Howe L, Hanlon D, Stevenson M. Kinetics of Equid herpesvirus type 2 infections in a group of Thoroughbred foals.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Aug 26;152(1-2):176-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.017pubmed: 21616610google scholar: lookup
  17. Dynon K, Varrasso A, Ficorilli N, Holloway S, Reubel G, Li F, Hartley C, Studdert M, Drummer H. Identification of equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5, equine adenoviruses 1 and 2, equine arteritis virus and equine rhinitis A virus by polymerase chain reaction.. Aust Vet J 2001 Oct;79(10):695-702.
    pubmed: 11712710doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10674.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Edington N, Welch HM, Griffiths L. The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses.. Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):140-2.
    pubmed: 8575377doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04353.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  19. Fararh K.M., Kandil O.M., Abd‐Allah O.A., Thabet N.F.. Clinicopathological changes in equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection in Arabian foals.. International Journal of PharmTech Research 2016;9:138–149.
  20. Fukushi H, Tomita T, Taniguchi A, Ochiai Y, Kirisawa R, Matsumura T, Yanai T, Masegi T, Yamaguchi T, Hirai K. Gazelle herpesvirus 1: a new neurotropic herpesvirus immunologically related to equine herpesvirus 1.. Virology 1997 Jan 6;227(1):34-44.
    pubmed: 9015181doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.8296google scholar: lookup
  21. Goodman LB, Wagner B, Flaminio MJ, Sussman KH, Metzger SM, Holland R, Osterrieder N. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1).. Vaccine 2006 Apr 24;24(17):3636-45.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.062pubmed: 16513225google scholar: lookup
  22. Harless W., Pusterla N.. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 respiratory disease in the horse.. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 2006;5:197–202.
  23. Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares.. Vaccine 2001 Jul 20;19(30):4307-17.
    pubmed: 11457558doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00131-1google scholar: lookup
  24. Hue ES, Fortier GD, Fortier CI, Leon AM, Richard EA, Legrand LJ, Pronost SL. Detection and quantitation of equid gammaherpesviruses (EHV-2, EHV-5) in nasal swabs using an accredited standardised quantitative PCR method.. J Virol Methods 2014 Mar;198:18-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.008pubmed: 24370678google scholar: lookup
  25. Hussey SB, Clark R, Lunn KF, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley JM, Lunn DP. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006 Jul;18(4):335-42.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870601800403pubmed: 16921871google scholar: lookup
  26. Laabassi F, Hue E, Fortier C, Morilland E, Legrand L, Hans A, Pronost S. Epidemiology and molecular detection of equine herpesviruses in western Algeria in 2011.. Vet Microbiol 2017 Aug;207:205-209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.017pubmed: 28757025google scholar: lookup
  27. Lang A, de Vries M, Feineis S, Müller E, Osterrieder N, Damiani AM. Development of a peptide ELISA for discrimination between serological responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4.. J Virol Methods 2013 Nov;193(2):667-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.044pubmed: 23928223google scholar: lookup
  28. Ma G, Azab W, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):123-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.018pubmed: 23890672google scholar: lookup
  29. Mohamed S.I., Shalaby M.A., El Deeb A.H., Salem S.A.. Prevalence of equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 in Arabian horses population in Egypt.. Journal of Virological Sciences 2017;2:1–9.
  30. Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tesfaw L, Li Y, Oguma K, Sentsui H, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Detection of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) -1, -2, -4 and -5 in Ethiopian Equids with and without Respiratory Problems and Genetic Characterization of EHV-2 and EHV-5 Strains.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017 Dec;64(6):1970-1978.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12601pubmed: 28102009google scholar: lookup
  31. Nordengrahn A, Rusvai M, Merza M, Ekström J, Morein B, Belák S. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) as a predisposing factor for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: prevention of the bifactorial disease with EHV-2 immunostimulating complexes.. Vet Microbiol 1996 Jul;51(1-2):55-68.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00032-6pubmed: 8828122google scholar: lookup
  32. nOIEn. OIE manual for terrestial animals, 2018. Equine rhinopneumonitis. 2018.
  33. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    pubmed: 15993786doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018google scholar: lookup
  34. Pusterla N, Leutenegger CM, Wilson WD, Watson JL, Ferraro GL, Madigan JE. Equine herpesvirus-4 kinetics in peripheral blood leukocytes and nasopharyngeal secretions in foals using quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005 Nov;17(6):578-81.
    pubmed: 16475518doi: 10.1177/104063870501700610google scholar: lookup
  35. Reed SM, Toribio RE. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Dec;20(3):631-42.
    pubmed: 15519823doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.09.001google scholar: lookup
  36. Soliman E., Kalad M., Elkbany M., Ebied E., Warda S., Abdelhamid N., Mohamed N.. Recent isolation and identification of equine Herpes Viral abortion (EHV‐1) in Egypt ‐2007. 9th Vet.Med.Zag.Conference 2008.
  37. VanDevanter DR, Warrener P, Bennett L, Schultz ER, Coulter S, Garber RL, Rose TM. Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR.. J Clin Microbiol 1996 Jul;34(7):1666-71.
    pmc: PMC229091pubmed: 8784566doi: 10.1128/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996google scholar: lookup
  38. Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F, Lim A, Wise A, Bolin DC, Caswell J, Jackson C, Robinson NE, Derksen F, Scott MA, Uhal BD, Li X, Youssef SA, Bolin SR. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease.. Vet Pathol 2007 Nov;44(6):849-62.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.44-6-849pubmed: 18039898google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.