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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia / Development and Pathology of the Equine Mammary Gland.
Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2020; 26(2); 121-134; doi: 10.1007/s10911-020-09471-2

Development and Pathology of the Equine Mammary Gland.

Abstract: An understanding of the anatomy, histology, and development of the equine mammary gland underpins study of the pathology of diseases including galactorrhoea, agalactia, mastitis, and mammary tumour development. This review examines the prenatal development of the equine mammary gland and the striking degree to which the tissue undergoes postnatal development associated with the reproductive cycle. The gland is characterised by epithelial structures arranged in terminal duct lobular units, similar to those of the human breast, supported by distinct zones of intra- and interlobular collagenous stroma. Mastitis and mammary carcinomas are two of the most frequently described equine mammary pathologies and have an overlap in associated clinical signs. Mastitis is most frequently associated with bacterial aetiologies, particularly Streptococcus spp., and knowledge of the process of post-lactational regression can be applied to preventative husbandry strategies. Equine mammary tumours are rare and carry a poor prognosis in many cases. Recent studies have used mammosphere assays to reveal novel insights into the identification and potential behaviour of mammary stem/progenitor cell populations. These suggest that mammospheres derived from equine cells have different growth dynamics compared to those from other species. In parallel with studying the equine mammary gland in order to advance knowledge of equine mammary disease at the interface of basic and clinical science, there is a need to better understand equine lactational biology. This is driven in part by the recognition of the potential value of horse and donkey milk for human consumption, particularly donkey milk in children with 'Cow Milk Protein Allergy'.
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Publication Date: 2020-12-05 PubMed ID: 33280071PubMed Central: PMC8236023DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09471-2Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides an in-depth study of the equine (horse) mammary gland, its development, and related potential diseases affecting it. The researchers also delve into understanding equine lactational biology due to its potential human consumption value, particularly donkey milk for kids with cow milk protein allergy.

Prenatal and Postnatal Development

  • The researchers studied the prenatal development of the equine mammary gland and found notable changes that this tissue undergoes after birth in relation to the reproductive cycle.
  • Epithelial structures in these glands are organised in what are called terminal duct lobular units. These are like the structures found in the human breast.
  • These structures are supported by distinct areas of collagenous stroma, a type of connective tissue, present both within and between the lobules (small gland parts).

Mastitis and Mammary Carcinomas

  • Two prevalent diseases affecting the equine mammary gland include mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) and mammary carcinomas (cancer).
  • These conditions share overlapping symptoms, making them difficult to differentiate during initial stages.
  • Bacterial infections, especially due to Streptococcus species, are usually the culprits for causing mastitis.
  • Understanding the process of how the mammary glands regress after lactation could pave the way for preventative measures against mastitis.
  • On the other hand, mammary tumors in horses are rare but generally have a poor prognosis.

Mammosphere Assays & Eqine Lactation

  • The study utilized mammosphere assays, a test to study stem cells from breast tissue, to gain newer insights into the identification and behaviour of mammary stem/progenitor cell populations.
  • These tests indicated that mammospheres obtained from equine cells grow differently than those from other species.
  • The researchers emphasise the need to better comprehend equine lactational biology amidst the efforts to know about equine mammary diseases.
  • The demand to understand equine lactation is also because of the potential use of horse and donkey milk for human consumption, particularly in children tolerating cow milk protein allergy.

Cite This Article

APA
Hughes K. (2020). Development and Pathology of the Equine Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 26(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-020-09471-2

Publication

Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
ISSN: 1573-7039
NlmUniqueID: 9601804
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 121-134

Researcher Affiliations

Hughes, Katherine
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. kh387@cam.ac.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Equidae / growth & development
  • Equidae / microbiology
  • Female
  • Lactation
  • Mammary Glands, Animal / growth & development
  • Mammary Glands, Animal / pathology
  • Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / pathology
  • Mastitis / microbiology
  • Mastitis / pathology
  • Mastitis / veterinary
  • Streptococcus / isolation & purification
  • Streptococcus / pathogenicity

Conflict of Interest Statement

None.

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