FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Virology / Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuate...
Virology2018; 516; 76-85; doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.005

Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine.

Abstract: H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) is an important and significant respiratory pathogen of horses. EIV is enzootic in Europe and North America, mainly due to the suboptimal efficacy of current vaccines. We describe, for the first time, the generation of a temperature sensitive (ts) H3N8 EIV live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) using reverse-genetics approaches. Our EIV LAIV was attenuated (att) in vivo and able to induce, upon a single intranasal administration, protection against H3N8 EIV wild-type (WT) challenge in both a mouse model and the natural host, the horse. Notably, since our EIV LAIV was generated using reverse genetics, the vaccine can be easily updated against drifting or emerging strains of EIV using the safety backbone of our EIV LAIV as master donor virus (MDV). These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a novel EIV LAIV approach for the prevention and control of currently circulating H3N8 EIVs in horse populations.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-01-11 PubMed ID: 29331866PubMed Central: PMC5840510DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.005Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article deals with the successful development of a new live-attenuated vaccine for equine influenza virus (EIV), a significant respiratory pathogen in horses. This vaccine can be introduced intranasally and has been proven to protect against EIV in both a mouse model and actual horses.

Vaccine Development and Methodology

  • The researchers developed a new type of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) designed to tackle equine influenza virus (EIV), a respiratory disease that mainly affects horses.
  • This new LAIV was created via reverse-genetics approaches. Reverse genetics is a method by which viruses can be constructed ‘backward’, starting from an RNA sequence to create a functioning virus. This technique allows for easy manipulation and control over the virus’s genetic makeup.
  • The vaccine they created was temperature sensitive, meaning it was designed to multiply at lower temperatures — like those found in the nose — but unable to replicate at the higher temperatures common to the lower respiratory tract, thus ensuring its safety.

Testing and Results

  • Before testing on horses, the vaccine was first tested on a mouse model. This preliminary testing stage helped to ensure the vaccine’s validity and safety.
  • Upon successful tests with the mouse model, a single intranasal dose of the vaccine was found to be effective against the H3N8 EIV wild-type in the natural host, the horse.
  • This effectiveness demonstrates the vaccine’s potential to help control the spread of EIV in horse populations, improving animal health.

Potential for Future Use

  • One notable feature of this new EIV LAIV is its adaptability. Since the vaccine was generated using reverse genetics, the vaccine can be easily updated to face any changes or new strains of the EIV.
  • This ability to adapt to new strains will be particularly beneficial for managing and controlling strains of EIV that have become prevalent due to the suboptimal efficacy of the current vaccines.

Cite This Article

APA
Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. (2018). Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine. Virology, 516, 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.005

Publication

Virology
ISSN: 1096-0341
NlmUniqueID: 0110674
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 516
Pages: 76-85
PII: S0042-6822(18)30005-9

Researcher Affiliations

Rodriguez, Laura
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
Reedy, Stephanie
  • Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
Nogales, Aitor
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
Murcia, Pablo R
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Chambers, Thomas M
  • Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
Martinez-Sobrido, Luis
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States. Electronic address: luis_martinez@urmc.rochester.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
  • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Influenza Vaccines / genetics
  • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
  • Reverse Genetics
  • Vaccination
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / administration & dosage
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / genetics
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology

Grant Funding

  • HHSN272201400005C / NIAID NIH HHS
  • MC_UU_12014/9 / Medical Research Council
  • MC_UU_120/14/9 / Medical Research Council

References

This article includes 70 references
  1. Alves Beuttemmüller E, Woodward A, Rash A, Dos Santos Ferraz LE, Fernandes Alfieri A, Alfieri AA, Elton D. Characterisation of the epidemic strain of H3N8 equine influenza virus responsible for outbreaks in South America in 2012.. Virol J 2016 Mar 19;13:45.
    pmc: PMC4799594pubmed: 26993620doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0503-9google scholar: lookup
  2. Baker SF, Guo H, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L. Protection against lethal influenza with a viral mimic.. J Virol 2013 Aug;87(15):8591-605.
    pmc: PMC3719819pubmed: 23720727doi: 10.1128/jvi.01081-13google scholar: lookup
  3. Baz M, Paskel M, Matsuoka Y, Zengel J, Cheng X, Treanor JJ, Jin H, Subbarao K. A live attenuated equine H3N8 influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic and efficacious in mice and ferrets.. J Virol 2015 Feb;89(3):1652-9.
    pmc: PMC4300743pubmed: 25410860doi: 10.1128/jvi.02449-14google scholar: lookup
  4. Belongia EA, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Greenlee RT, Balish A, Foust A, Lindstrom S, Shay DK. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines varied substantially with antigenic match from the 2004-2005 season to the 2006-2007 season.. J Infect Dis 2009 Jan 15;199(2):159-67.
    pubmed: 19086915doi: 10.1086/595861google scholar: lookup
  5. Belshe RB, Edwards KM, Vesikari T, Black SV, Walker RE, Hultquist M, Kemble G, Connor EM. Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in infants and young children.. N Engl J Med 2007 Feb 15;356(7):685-96.
    pubmed: 17301299doi: 10.1056/nejmoa065368google scholar: lookup
  6. Bryant NA, Rash AS, Russell CA, Ross J, Cooke A, Bowman S, MacRae S, Lewis NS, Paillot R, Zanoni R, Meier H, Griffiths LA, Daly JM, Tiwari A, Chambers TM, Newton JR, Elton DM. Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Jul 2;138(1-2):41-52.
    pubmed: 19346084doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.004google scholar: lookup
  7. Chambers TM, Holland RE, Tudor LR, Townsend HG, Cook A, Bogdan J, Lunn DP, Hussey S, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Sebring RW, Penner SJ, Stiegler GL. A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):630-6.
    pubmed: 11770982doi: 10.2746/042516401776249291google scholar: lookup
  8. Chambers TM, Quinlivan M, Sturgill T, Cullinane A, Horohov DW, Zamarin D, Arkins S, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Influenza A viruses with truncated NS1 as modified live virus vaccines: pilot studies of safety and efficacy in horses.. Equine Vet J 2009 Jan;41(1):87-92.
    pmc: PMC2878972pubmed: 19301588doi: 10.2746/042516408x371937google scholar: lookup
  9. Chambers TM, Reedy SE. Equine influenza serological methods.. Methods Mol Biol 2014;1161:411-22.
    pubmed: 24899450doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0758-8_36google scholar: lookup
  10. Chan W, Zhou H, Kemble G, Jin H. The cold adapted and temperature sensitive influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus, the master donor virus for live attenuated influenza vaccines, has multiple defects in replication at the restrictive temperature.. Virology 2008 Oct 25;380(2):304-11.
    pubmed: 18768193doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.027google scholar: lookup
  11. Cheng BY, Ortiz-Riaño E, Nogales A, de la Torre JC, Martínez-Sobrido L. Development of live-attenuated arenavirus vaccines based on codon deoptimization.. J Virol 2015 Apr;89(7):3523-33.
    pmc: PMC4403387pubmed: 25589652doi: 10.1128/jvi.03401-14google scholar: lookup
  12. Cheng X, Zengel JR, Suguitan AL Jr, Xu Q, Wang W, Lin J, Jin H. Evaluation of the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by the live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines and their roles in heterologous protection in ferrets.. J Infect Dis 2013 Aug 15;208(4):594-602.
    pubmed: 23656978doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit207google scholar: lookup
  13. Cowled B, Ward MP, Hamilton S, Garner G. The equine influenza epidemic in Australia: spatial and temporal descriptive analyses of a large propagating epidemic.. Prev Vet Med 2009 Nov 1;92(1-2):60-70.
    pubmed: 19748691doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.006google scholar: lookup
  14. Cox A, Baker SF, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L, Dewhurst S. Development of a mouse-adapted live attenuated influenza virus that permits in vivo analysis of enhancements to the safety of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine.. J Virol 2015 Mar;89(6):3421-6.
    pmc: PMC4337518pubmed: 25552727doi: 10.1128/jvi.02636-14google scholar: lookup
  15. Cox NJ, Kitame F, Kendal AP, Maassab HF, Naeve C. Identification of sequence changes in the cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine strain, A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2).. Virology 1988 Dec;167(2):554-67.
    pubmed: 2974219
  16. Cullinane A, Elton D, Mumford J. Equine influenza - surveillance and control.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):339-44.
    pmc: PMC4634605pubmed: 20958927doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00176.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  17. Daly JM, Lai AC, Binns MM, Chambers TM, Barrandeguy M, Mumford JA. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses.. J Gen Virol 1996 Apr;77 ( Pt 4):661-71.
    pubmed: 8627254doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-661google scholar: lookup
  18. Daly JM, MacRae S, Newton JR, Wattrang E, Elton DM. Equine influenza: a review of an unpredictable virus.. Vet J 2011 Jul;189(1):7-14.
    pubmed: 20685140doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.026google scholar: lookup
  19. Daly JM, Yates RJ, Browse G, Swann Z, Newton JR, Jessett D, Davis-Poynter N, Mumford JA. Comparison of hamster and pony challenge models for evaluation of effect of antigenic drift on cross protection afforded by equine influenza vaccines.. Equine Vet J 2003 Jul;35(5):458-62.
    pubmed: 12875323doi: 10.2746/042516403775600433google scholar: lookup
  20. De Villiers PJ, Steele AD, Hiemstra LA, Rappaport R, Dunning AJ, Gruber WC, Forrest BD. Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults 60 years of age and older.. Vaccine 2009 Dec 10;28(1):228-34.
    pubmed: 19796721doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.092google scholar: lookup
  21. Fougerolle S, Legrand L, Lecouturier F, Sailleau C, Paillot R, Hans A, Pronost S. Genetic evolution of equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated in France from 1967 to 2015 and the implications of several potential pathogenic factors.. Virology 2017 May;505:210-217.
    pubmed: 28292661doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.003google scholar: lookup
  22. Garner MG, Cowled B, East IJ, Moloney BJ, Kung NY. Evaluating the effectiveness of early vaccination in the control and eradication of equine influenza--a modelling approach.. Prev Vet Med 2011 Apr 1;99(1):15-27.
    pubmed: 20236718doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.007google scholar: lookup
  23. Gorse GJ, Belshe RB, Munn NJ. Superiority of live attenuated compared with inactivated influenza A virus vaccines in older, chronically ill adults.. Chest 1991 Oct;100(4):977-84.
    pubmed: 1914615doi: 10.1378/chest.100.4.977google scholar: lookup
  24. Guo H, Baker SF, Martínez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ. Induction of CD8 T cell heterologous protection by a single dose of single-cycle infectious influenza virus.. J Virol 2014 Oct;88(20):12006-16.
    pmc: PMC4178714pubmed: 25100831doi: 10.1128/jvi.01847-14google scholar: lookup
  25. Hoft DF, Babusis E, Worku S, Spencer CT, Lottenbach K, Truscott SM, Abate G, Sakala IG, Edwards KM, Creech CB, Gerber MA, Bernstein DI, Newman F, Graham I, Anderson EL, Belshe RB. Live and inactivated influenza vaccines induce similar humoral responses, but only live vaccines induce diverse T-cell responses in young children.. J Infect Dis 2011 Sep 15;204(6):845-53.
    pmc: PMC3156924pubmed: 21846636doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir436google scholar: lookup
  26. Jin H, Zhou H, Lu B, Kemble G. Imparting temperature sensitivity and attenuation in ferrets to A/Puerto Rico/8/34 influenza virus by transferring the genetic signature for temperature sensitivity from cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60.. J Virol 2004 Jan;78(2):995-8.
    pmc: PMC368857pubmed: 14694130doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.995-998.2004google scholar: lookup
  27. Katsura H, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Fukuyama S, Watanabe S, Sakabe S, Hatta Y, Murakami S, Shimojima M, Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. A replication-incompetent virus possessing an uncleavable hemagglutinin as an influenza vaccine.. Vaccine 2012 Sep 14;30(42):6027-33.
    pmc: PMC5626880pubmed: 22867723doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.059google scholar: lookup
  28. Kohlmeier JE, Woodland DL. Immunity to respiratory viruses.. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:61-82.
    pubmed: 18954284doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132625google scholar: lookup
  29. Lai AC, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr, Morley PS, Haines DM, Townsend HG, Barrandeguy M. Diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (H3N8) viruses in the Western Hemisphere.. Arch Virol 2001;146(6):1063-74.
    pubmed: 11504416doi: 10.1007/s007050170106google scholar: lookup
  30. Lu Z, Chambers TM, Boliar S, Branscum AJ, Sturgill TL, Timoney PJ, Reedy SE, Tudor LR, Dubovi EJ, Vickers ML, Sells S, Balasuriya UB. Development and evaluation of one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays targeting nucleoprotein, matrix, and hemagglutinin genes of equine influenza virus.. J Clin Microbiol 2009 Dec;47(12):3907-13.
    pmc: PMC2786649pubmed: 19846644doi: 10.1128/jcm.00598-09google scholar: lookup
  31. Lunn DP, Hussey S, Sebing R, Rushlow KE, Radecki SV, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr, Horohov DW. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine in ponies after induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001 Mar 15;218(6):900-6.
    pubmed: 11294315doi: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.900google scholar: lookup
  32. Martínez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A. Generation of recombinant influenza virus from plasmid DNA.. J Vis Exp 2010 Aug 3;(42).
    pmc: PMC3156010pubmed: 20729804doi: 10.3791/2057google scholar: lookup
  33. Mumford JA, Hannant D, Jessett DM. Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza (H3N8) viruses by intranasal inoculation or exposure to aerosols.. Equine Vet J 1990 Mar;22(2):93-8.
    pubmed: 2156688doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04217.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  34. Murcia PR, Wood JL, Holmes EC. Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of equine H3N8 influenza A virus.. J Virol 2011 Jun;85(11):5312-22.
    pmc: PMC3094979pubmed: 21430049doi: 10.1128/jvi.02619-10google scholar: lookup
  35. Murphy BR, Coelingh K. Principles underlying the development and use of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A and B virus vaccines.. Viral Immunol 2002;15(2):295-323.
    pubmed: 12081014doi: 10.1089/08828240260066242google scholar: lookup
  36. National Research Council (U.S.), Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.), National Academies Press (U.S.). Guide for the Care And Use Of Laboratory Animals. 8th ed. National Academies Press; Washington, D.C.: 2011.
  37. Nogales A, Baker SF, Martínez-Sobrido L. Replication-competent influenza A viruses expressing a red fluorescent protein.. Virology 2015 Feb;476:206-216.
    pmc: PMC4323957pubmed: 25553516doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.006google scholar: lookup
  38. Nogales A, Baker SF, Ortiz-Riaño E, Dewhurst S, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L. Influenza A virus attenuation by codon deoptimization of the NS gene for vaccine development.. J Virol 2014 Sep;88(18):10525-40.
    pmc: PMC4178899pubmed: 24965472doi: 10.1128/jvi.01565-14google scholar: lookup
  39. Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L. Rearrangement of Influenza Virus Spliced Segments for the Development of Live-Attenuated Vaccines.. J Virol 2016 Jul 15;90(14):6291-6302.
    pmc: PMC4936145pubmed: 27122587doi: 10.1128/jvi.00410-16google scholar: lookup
  40. Nogales A, Huang K, Chauché C, DeDiego ML, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. Canine influenza viruses with modified NS1 proteins for the development of live-attenuated vaccines.. Virology 2017 Jan;500:1-10.
    pubmed: 27750071doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.008google scholar: lookup
  41. Nogales A, Rodriguez L, Chauché C, Huang K, Reilly EC, Topham DJ, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. Temperature-Sensitive Live-Attenuated Canine Influenza Virus H3N8 Vaccine.. J Virol 2017 Feb 15;91(4).
    pmc: PMC5286902pubmed: 27928017doi: 10.1128/jvi.02211-16google scholar: lookup
  42. OIE, 2017. OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, OIE Headquarters, 22 March 2017. 〈http://www.oie.int/en/our-scientific-expertise/specific-information-and-recommendations/equine-influenza/〉.
  43. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Lancet Infect Dis 2012 Jan;12(1):36-44.
    pubmed: 22032844doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  44. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
    pmc: PMC4494246pubmed: 26344892doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797google scholar: lookup
  45. Paillot R, Rash NL, Garrett D, Prowse-Davis L, Montesso F, Cullinane A, Lemaitre L, Thibault JC, Wittreck S, Dancer A. How to Meet the Last OIE Expert Surveillance Panel Recommendations on Equine Influenza (EI) Vaccine Composition: A Review of the Process Required for the Recombinant Canarypox-Based EI Vaccine.. Pathogens 2016 Nov 25;5(4).
    pmc: PMC5198164pubmed: 27897990doi: 10.3390/pathogens5040064google scholar: lookup
  46. Palese P, Shaw M.L. Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields Virology 5th edition. Lippincott Williams and WIlkins; 2007.
  47. Park AW, Daly JM, Lewis NS, Smith DJ, Wood JL, Grenfell BT. Quantifying the impact of immune escape on transmission dynamics of influenza.. Science 2009 Oct 30;326(5953):726-8.
    pmc: PMC3800096pubmed: 19900931doi: 10.1126/science.1175980google scholar: lookup
  48. Pica N, Palese P. Toward a universal influenza virus vaccine: prospects and challenges.. Annu Rev Med 2013;64:189-202.
    pubmed: 23327522doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-120611-145115google scholar: lookup
  49. Powell TJ, Silk JD, Sharps J, Fodor E, Townsend AR. Pseudotyped influenza A virus as a vaccine for the induction of heterotypic immunity.. J Virol 2012 Dec;86(24):13397-406.
    pmc: PMC3503098pubmed: 23015719doi: 10.1128/jvi.01820-12google scholar: lookup
  50. Qi T, Guo W, Huang WQ, Li HM, Zhao LP, Dai LL, He N, Hao XF, Xiang WH. Genetic evolution of equine influenza viruses isolated in China.. Arch Virol 2010 Sep;155(9):1425-32.
    pubmed: 20559670doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0724-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  51. Rash A, Morton R, Woodward A, Maes O, McCauley J, Bryant N, Elton D. Evolution and Divergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses Circulating in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2015.. Pathogens 2017 Feb 8;6(1).
    pmc: PMC5371894pubmed: 28208721doi: 10.3390/pathogens6010006google scholar: lookup
  52. Rodriguez L, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection.. J Vis Exp 2017 Sep 7;(127).
    pmc: PMC5752200pubmed: 28930978doi: 10.3791/55898google scholar: lookup
  53. Rodriguez L, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. A bivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine for the control and prevention of H3N8 and H3N2 canine influenza viruses.. Vaccine 2017 Aug 3;35(34):4374-4381.
    pubmed: 28709557doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.060google scholar: lookup
  54. Rodriguez L, Nogales A, Reilly EC, Topham DJ, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martinez Sobrido L. A live-attenuated influenza vaccine for H3N2 canine influenza virus.. Virology 2017 Apr;504:96-106.
    pubmed: 28167384doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.020google scholar: lookup
  55. Snyder MH, Betts RF, DeBorde D, Tierney EL, Clements ML, Herrington D, Sears SD, Dolin R, Maassab HF, Murphy BR. Four viral genes independently contribute to attenuation of live influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) cold-adapted reassortant virus vaccines.. J Virol 1988 Feb;62(2):488-95.
    pmc: PMC250559pubmed: 3336068doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.2.488-495.1988google scholar: lookup
  56. Suguitan AL Jr, McAuliffe J, Mills KL, Jin H, Duke G, Lu B, Luke CJ, Murphy B, Swayne DE, Kemble G, Subbarao K. Live, attenuated influenza A H5N1 candidate vaccines provide broad cross-protection in mice and ferrets.. PLoS Med 2006 Sep;3(9):e360.
    pmc: PMC1564176pubmed: 16968127doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030360google scholar: lookup
  57. Timoney PJ. Factors influencing the international spread of equine diseases.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2000 Dec;16(3):537-51, x.
    pubmed: 11219348doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30094-9google scholar: lookup
  58. Townsend HG, Penner SJ, Watts TC, Cook A, Bogdan J, Haines DM, Griffin S, Chambers T, Holland RE, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Sebring RW. Efficacy of a cold-adapted, intranasal, equine influenza vaccine: challenge trials.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):637-43.
    pubmed: 11770983doi: 10.2746/042516401776249354google scholar: lookup
  59. Uraki R, Kiso M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Fukuyama S, Takashita E, Ozawa M, Kawaoka Y. A novel bivalent vaccine based on a PB2-knockout influenza virus protects mice from pandemic H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 virus challenges.. J Virol 2013 Jul;87(14):7874-81.
    pmc: PMC3700221pubmed: 23658445doi: 10.1128/jvi.00076-13google scholar: lookup
  60. Victor ST, Watanabe S, Katsura H, Ozawa M, Kawaoka Y. A replication-incompetent PB2-knockout influenza A virus vaccine vector.. J Virol 2012 Apr;86(8):4123-8.
    pmc: PMC3318628pubmed: 22301144doi: 10.1128/jvi.06232-11google scholar: lookup
  61. Virmani N, Bera BC, Singh BK, Shanmugasundaram K, Gulati BR, Barua S, Vaid RK, Gupta AK, Singh RK. Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008-09): virus isolation, sero-epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jul 14;143(2-4):224-37.
    pubmed: 20053509doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.007google scholar: lookup
  62. WADDELL GH, TEIGLAND MB, SIGEL MM. A NEW INFLUENZA VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH EQUINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1963 Sep 15;143:587-90.
    pubmed: 14077956
  63. Wilson W.D., Robinson D. Field safety of a modified-live, cold-adapted intranasal equine influenza vaccine (HESKAFlu Avert IN vaccine) in horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2000;20:8–10.
  64. Wong SS, Webby RJ. Traditional and new influenza vaccines.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013 Jul;26(3):476-92.
    pmc: PMC3719499pubmed: 23824369doi: 10.1128/cmr.00097-12google scholar: lookup
  65. Woodward AL, Rash AS, Blinman D, Bowman S, Chambers TM, Daly JM, Damiani A, Joseph S, Lewis N, McCauley JW, Medcalf L, Mumford J, Newton JR, Tiwari A, Bryant NA, Elton DM. Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Mar 14;169(3-4):113-27.
    pubmed: 24480583doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039google scholar: lookup
  66. Yamanaka T, Niwa H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007.. J Vet Med Sci 2008 Jun;70(6):623-5.
    pubmed: 18628606doi: 10.1292/jvms.70.623google scholar: lookup
  67. Yates P, Mumford JA. Equine influenza vaccine efficacy: the significance of antigenic variation.. Vet Microbiol 2000 May 22;74(1-2):173-7.
    pubmed: 10799789doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00177-2google scholar: lookup
  68. Yondon M, Heil GL, Burks JP, Zayat B, Waltzek TB, Jamiyan BO, McKenzie PP, Krueger WS, Friary JA, Gray GC. Isolation and characterization of H3N8 equine influenza A virus associated with the 2011 epizootic in Mongolia.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Sep;7(5):659-65.
    pmc: PMC3626732pubmed: 23289427doi: 10.1111/irv.12069google scholar: lookup
  69. Youngner JS, Whitaker-Dowling P, Chambers TM, Rushlow KE, Sebring R. Derivation and characterization of a live attenuated equine influenza vaccine virus.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Aug;62(8):1290-4.
    pubmed: 11497453doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1290google scholar: lookup
  70. Zhou B, Li Y, Speer SD, Subba A, Lin X, Wentworth DE. Engineering temperature sensitive live attenuated influenza vaccines from emerging viruses.. Vaccine 2012 May 21;30(24):3691-702.
    pmc: PMC3595159pubmed: 22449422doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.025google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 18 times.
  1. Chiem K, Park JG, Morales Vasquez D, Plemper RK, Torrelles JB, Kobie JJ, Walter MR, Ye C, Martinez-Sobrido L. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using a Double Reporter-Expressing Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2022 Oct 26;10(5):e0237922.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02379-22pubmed: 35980204google scholar: lookup
  2. Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Martínez-Sobrido L. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022;12:954811.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954811pubmed: 35937688google scholar: lookup
  3. Nogales A, Steel J, Liu WC, Lowen AC, Rodriguez L, Chiem K, Cox A, García-Sastre A, Albrecht RA, Dewhurst S, Martínez-Sobrido L. Mutation L319Q in the PB1 Polymerase Subunit Improves Attenuation of a Candidate Live-Attenuated Influenza A Virus Vaccine. Microbiol Spectr 2022 Jun 29;10(3):e0007822.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00078-22pubmed: 35583364google scholar: lookup
  4. Peterson EW, Segabinazzi LGTM, Gilbert RO, Bergfelt DR, French HM. Evaluation of Stress Accompanying Immunocontraceptive Vaccination in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 13;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12040457pubmed: 35203165google scholar: lookup
  5. Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v13081657pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
  6. Chen J, Wang J, Zhang J, Ly H. Advances in Development and Application of Influenza Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021;12:711997.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711997pubmed: 34326849google scholar: lookup
  7. White CL, Chiem K, Perez DR, Santos J, Cardenas Garcia S, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L. A New Master Donor Virus for the Development of Live-Attenuated Influenza B Virus Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Jun 30;13(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v13071278pubmed: 34208979google scholar: lookup
  8. Smith A, Rodriguez L, El Ghouayel M, Nogales A, Chamberlain JM, Sortino K, Reilly E, Feng C, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L, Dewhurst S. A Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Elicits Enhanced Heterologous Protection When the Internal Genes of the Vaccine Are Matched to Those of the Challenge Virus. J Virol 2020 Jan 31;94(4).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01065-19pubmed: 31748399google scholar: lookup
  9. Rodriguez L, Blanco-Lobo P, Reilly EC, Maehigashi T, Nogales A, Smith A, Topham DJ, Dewhurst S, Kim B, Martínez-Sobrido L. Comparative Study of the Temperature Sensitive, Cold Adapted and Attenuated Mutations Present in the Master Donor Viruses of the Two Commercial Human Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019 Oct 10;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100928pubmed: 31658679google scholar: lookup
  10. Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Oladunni FS, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019 Oct 11;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100933pubmed: 31614538google scholar: lookup
  11. Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019 Feb 22;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v11020190pubmed: 30813325google scholar: lookup
  12. Martínez-Sobrido L, Peersen O, Nogales A. Temperature Sensitive Mutations in Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complex Responsible for the Attenuation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2018 Oct 15;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v10100560pubmed: 30326610google scholar: lookup
  13. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
  14. Zhang H, Wang L, An Y, Chen Z. The applications of live attenuated influenza a virus with modified NS1 gene. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2025 Mar 11;36(1):102471.
    doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102471pubmed: 40046952google scholar: lookup
  15. Hsiung KC, Chiang HJ, Reinig S, Shih SR. Vaccine Strategies Against RNA Viruses: Current Advances and Future Directions. Vaccines (Basel) 2024 Nov 28;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines12121345pubmed: 39772007google scholar: lookup
  16. Hodel KVS, Fiuza BSD, Conceição RS, Aleluia ACM, Pitanga TN, Fonseca LMDS, Valente CO, Minafra-Rezende CS, Machado BAS. Pharmacovigilance in Vaccines: Importance, Main Aspects, Perspectives, and Challenges-A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024 Jun 19;17(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ph17060807pubmed: 38931474google scholar: lookup
  17. Elliott S, Olufemi OT, Daly JM. Systematic Review of Equine Influenza A Virus Vaccine Studies and Meta-Analysis of Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2023 Nov 28;15(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v15122337pubmed: 38140577google scholar: lookup
  18. Chambers TM. Equine Influenza. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022 Jan 4;12(1).
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038331pubmed: 32152243google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.