Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012.
Abstract: Equine influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide and undergo antigenic drift. Several outbreaks of equine influenza occurred worldwide during 2010-2012, including in vaccinated animals, highlighting the importance of surveillance and virus characterisation. Virus isolates were characterised from more than 20 outbreaks over a 3-year period, including strains from the UK, Dubai, Germany and the USA. The haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) sequence of all isolates was determined and compared with OIE-recommended vaccine strains. Viruses from Florida clades 1 and 2 showed continued divergence from each other compared with 2009 isolates. The antigenic inter-relationships among viruses were determined using a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay with ferret antisera and visualised using antigenic cartography. All European isolates belonged to Florida clade 2, all those from the USA belonged to Florida clade 1. Two subpopulations of clade 2 viruses were isolated, with either substitution A144V or I179V. Isolates from Dubai, obtained from horses shipped from Uruguay, belonged to Florida clade 1 and were similar to viruses isolated in the USA the previous year. The neuraminidase (NA) sequence of representative strains from 2007 and 2009 to 2012 was also determined and compared with that of earlier isolates dating back to 1963. Multiple changes were observed at the amino acid level and clear distinctions could be made between viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clade 2.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2013-12-21 PubMed ID: 24480583DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research focuses on the study of equine influenza outbreaks that occurred globally between 2010 and 2012, including in vaccinated horses. Detailed characterisation of virus isolates from more than 20 outbreaks was performed, highlighting the continued divergence occurring among the viruses and emphasising the importance of regular surveillance and detailed virus characterisation.
Outbreaks and Sample Collection
- The research observed multiple outbreaks of equine influenza worldwide from 2010 to 2012, inclusive.
- Virus isolates from over 20 outbreaks were collected and characterized. Locations of the outbreaks included the UK, Dubai, Germany, and the USA.
- Notably, these outbreaks occurred in vaccinated animals, suggesting a mutation of the virus or ineffectiveness of the existing vaccine.
Virus Characterisation
- The haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) sequence, a part of the virus that enables it to bind and enter host cells, of all isolates was compared to the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) recommended vaccine strains.
- An important observation was that viruses from Florida clades 1 and 2 continued to diverge from each other.
- The antigenic relationship among viruses was analysed using a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, with the relationships visualized using antigenic cartography.
Clade Classification
- All European isolates belonged to Florida clade 2, while all isolates from the USA belonged to Florida clade 1.
- Two subpopulations of clade 2 viruses were found to have either substitution A144V or I179V.
- Isolates obtained from Dubai, which were sourced from horses shipped from Uruguay, belonged to Florida clade 1 and were similar to the viruses isolated in the USA in the preceding year.
Neuraminidase Sequence Determination
- The neuraminidase (NA) sequence, an enzyme that is critical for the release of progeny virus from infected host cells, of representative strains was examined and compared to earlier isolates dating back to 1963.
- Multiple changes were observed at the amino acid level, indicating the antigenic drift (mutation) of the influenza virus over time.
- These changes provided clear distinctions between viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clade 2, further establishing their divergence.
Significance of Surveillance and Characterisation
- The study highlights the importance of regular surveillance and characterisation of the equine influenza virus.
- Such steps are crucial for managing outbreaks, updating vaccinations, and ensuring the continuation of effective disease prevention strategies.
Cite This Article
APA
Woodward AL, Rash AS, Blinman D, Bowman S, Chambers TM, Daly JM, Damiani A, Joseph S, Lewis N, McCauley JW, Medcalf L, Mumford J, Newton JR, Tiwari A, Bryant NA, Elton DM.
(2013).
Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012.
Vet Microbiol, 169(3-4), 113-127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universitat Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK. Electronic address: debra.elton@aht.org.uk.
MeSH Terms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Europe
- Hemagglutinins, Viral / genetics
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminidase / chemistry
- Neuraminidase / genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- Phylogeny
- Population Surveillance
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Alignment
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
Grant Funding
- MC_U117512723 / Medical Research Council
- MC_U117585868 / Medical Research Council
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