Diagnostic characteristics of refractometry cut-off points for the estimation of immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum.
Abstract: Feeding foals with poor quality colostrum predisposes them to failure of passive transfer (FPT). FPT is a major risk factor for neonatal infections. Objective: To assess the optimal cut-offs for the optical (OR) and digital (DR) refractometer and determine their accuracy for poor quality colostrum diagnosis. Methods: A diagnostic validation study. Methods: Eighty-one colostrum samples and sera were collected from broodmares and their neonatal foals, respectively. Colostral and serum IgG concentrations were measured by radial immunodiffusion (RID), DR and OR. Correlation coefficients were calculated. ROC curves were generated to identify optimal cut-offs for the refractometers and their diagnostic characteristics were evaluated. Results: The optimal cut-offs for DR and OR were ≤23.75% and 23.9%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the DR were 93.3% (95% CI: 66.0-99.7) and 87.9% (95% CI: 77.0-94.3) to detect colostral IgG <60 g/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the OR were 93.3% (95% CI: 66.0-99.7) and 81.8% (95% CI: 70.0-89.9), respectively. DR and OR had negative predictive values of 98.3% (95% CI: 89.7-99.9) and 98.2% (95% CI: 89.0-99.9), respectively, whilst positive predictive values were lower. No maternal variable, including breed, significantly influenced colostral IgG concentrations. Fifteen out of 81 colostrum samples had IgG <60 g/L. FPT and PFPT were diagnosed in 4/81 and 10/81 foals, respectively. Nine out of 14 animals with FPT/PFPT suckled colostrum with IgG <60 g/L. A moderate correlation (r 0.542; P = .01) was observed between IgG concentrations measured by RID in sera and colostrum. Conclusions: A smaller number of samples than the size requirement based on a priori estimate of specificity and the low prevalence of poor quality colostrum. Conclusions: The method has the potential to reliably differentiate between good and poor quality colostrum. Assessing colostrum quality by refractometry may be an indicator of passive transfer of immunity. Unassigned: Nourrir les poulains avec du colostrum de mauvaise qualité prédispose à l’échec du transfert d’immunité passive (FPT). FPT constitue un risque majeur pour les infections néonatales. Objective: Évaluer les valeurs limites optimales au réfractomètre optique (RO) et digital (RD) et déterminer leur précision pour le diagnostic du colostrum de pauvre qualité. TYPE D’ÉTUDE: Étude de validation diagnostique. MÉTHODES: Quatre-vingt-un colostrums et sérums ont été recueillis à partir de juments de reproduction et de leur poulains nouveaux-nés respectivement. Les concentrations d’IgG dans le sérum et le colostrum ont été mesurées par immunodiffusion radiale (IDR), RO et RD. Les coefficients de corrélation ont été calculés. Des graphes d’air sous la courbe (ASC) ont été générés afin d’identifier les valeurs limites optimales aux différents réfractomètres et leurs caractéristiques diagnostiques ont été évaluées. RÉSULTATS: Les valeurs limites optimales pour les RD et RO étaient ≤23.75% et 23.9% respectivement. La sensibilité et la spécificité du RD étaient 93.3% (95% IC: 66.0-99.7) et 87.9% (95% IC: 77.0-94.3) pour la détection des IgG colostraux <6000 mg/dl, respectivement. La sensibilité et spécificité du RO étaient de 93.3% (95% IC: 66.0-99.7) et 81.8% (95% IC: 70.0-89.9), respectivement. Les RD et RO avaient une valeur prédictive négative de 98.3% (95% IC: 89.7-99.9) et 98.2% (95% IC: 89.0-99.9) respectivement, alors que les valeurs prédictives positives étaient plus basses. Aucune variable maternelle, incluant la race, n’a influencé significativement les concentrations colostrales en IgG. Quinze des 81 échantillons colostraux avaient une valeur d’IgG <6000 mg/dl. FPT et PFPT ont été diagnostiqué chez 4/81 et 10/81 poulains respectivement. Neuf des 14 animaux avec FPT/PFPT ont reçu du colostrum ayant des valeurs d’IgG <6000 mg/dl. Une corrélation modérée (rs 0.542; p= 0.01) a été observée entre les concentrations d’IgG mesurées par IDR dans le sérum et le colostrum. Unassigned: Le nombre d’échantillon est inférieur à celui recommandé basé sur unestimé a priori de la spécificité et considérant la faible prévalence de colostrum de pauvre qualité. Conclusions: La méthodologie utilisée pourrait différencier de façon fiable les colostrums de pauvre et bonne qualité. L’évaluation de la qualité du colostrum par réfractométrie pourrait représenter un indice du transfert d’immunité passive.
© 2022 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2022-03-08 PubMed ID: 35213056PubMed Central: PMC10078710DOI: 10.1111/evj.13568Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This study aimed to define the best thresholds for optical and digital refractometers in identifying poor quality colostrum in broodmares, which is crucial to prevent foals from failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunity, leading to neonatal infections. The findings suggest that these refractometers can reliably differentiate between good and poor quality colostrum, with no maternal variables such as breed significantly influencing colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, which is critical for foal immunity.
Objectives and Methods
- The researchers set out to determine the optimal cut-off points for optical (OR) and digital refractometers (DR) when assessing the quality of colostrum in broodmares.
- This diagnostic validation study involved collecting 81 colostrum samples and sera from broodmares and their newborn foals, respectively.
- IgG concentrations in the colostrum and serum samples were measured using radial immunodiffusion (RID), in addition to the DR and OR.
- Correlation coefficients and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to identify the optimal cut-off points for the refractometers and evaluate their diagnostic accuracy.
Results
- The optimal cut-off points for DR and OR were identified as ≤23.75% and 23.9%, respectively.
- Both refractometers demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting colostral IgG concentrations below 60g/L. For DR, the sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity was 87.9%. The OR showed a similar sensitivity of 93.3% but slightly lower specificity at 81.8%.
- The negative predictive values for DR and OR were very high (98.3% and 98.2% respectively), suggesting that these tools are very reliable in ruling out poor quality colostrum when the test results are negative.
- 15 out of the 81 colostrum samples had an IgG concentration of less than 60g/L. FPT and partial failure of passive transfer (PFPT) were diagnosed in 4 out of 81 foals and 10 out of 81 foals, respectively.
- The study observed a moderate correlation between the IgG concentrations measured by RID in both sera and colostrum.
Conclusions
- While the number of samples was smaller than the size requirement based on a priori estimates of specificity and the low prevalence of poor-quality colostrum, the study concludes that these methods are effective in differentiating colostrum quality.
- Thus, refractometry could potentially serve as an indicator of passive transfer of immunity in foals.
Cite This Article
APA
Rampacci E, Mazzola K, Beccati F, Passamonti F.
(2022).
Diagnostic characteristics of refractometry cut-off points for the estimation of immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum.
Equine Vet J, 55(1), 102-110.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13568 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
MeSH Terms
- Pregnancy
- Horses
- Animals
- Female
- Colostrum
- Refractometry / veterinary
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunodiffusion / veterinary
- Immunodiffusion / methods
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Animals, Newborn
Conflict of Interest Statement
No competing interests have been declared.
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Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Lanci A, Perina F, Donadoni A, Castagnetti C, Mariella J. Dystocia in the Standardbred Mare: A Retrospective Study from 2004 to 2020. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 8;12(12).
- Akköse M, Özbeyaz C, Buczinski S, Gündoğar U, Ünal N. Determination of the Reliability and Accuracy of the Brix Refractometer for the Detection of Colostrum Quality in Sheep. Vet Med Sci 2025 Jul;11(4):e70433.
- Gallacher K, Champion K, Denholm KS. Mare colostrum quality and relationship with foal serum immunoglobulin G concentrations and average daily weight gains. Equine Vet J 2025 Jul;57(4):904-914.
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