[Diagnostic imaging of the equine cervical spine and clinical significance of findings – review of literature – Part two: Ultrasonography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, and nuclear medicine].
Abstract: Diagnostic imaging is an important part of the diagnostic approach in equine spinal ataxia especially with the cervical spine being commonly involved. The spinal cord may be affected by a variety of conditions including cervical vertebral malformations, osteoarthritis of the articular process joints or less commonly neoplasia. Advanced imaging techniques such as myelography are more accurate in diagnosing spinal cord compression and may be performed under general anesthesia in neutral, flexed and extended positions of the cervical spine. The use of ultrasound is non-invasive and allows ultrasound-guided injections in the area of the articular process joints and spinal nerve roots. Nuclear bone scan is widely used and is a highly sensitive, but not very specific modality. Scintigraphic changes in the equine cervical spine are influenced by age, breed and discipline and should be interpreted with caution. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine is the preferred imaging modality in companion animals, but its use is currently limited to ponies and foals due to the lack of availability of suitable equipment for larger horses. This review provides an overview of the literature on advanced diagnostic imaging for the equine cervical spine and the current state of knowledge regarding significant findings. Die Indikationen für bildgebende Diagnostik an der Halswirbelsäule des Pferdes sind zahlreich, denn unterschiedliche neurologische und schmerzassoziierte Symptome bei Auffälligkeiten in der Bewegung können auf Pathologien in der Halsregion zurückgeführt werden. Die bildgebenden Verfahren nehmen in der Diagnostik der Erkrankungen der Halswirbelsäule eine zunehmend größere Rolle ein. Dabei wird vor allem die computertomografische Untersuchung auch in Kombination mit einer Myelografie häufiger eingesetzt. Eine Ultraschalluntersuchung dient zumeist der gezielten Injektionsbehandlung der Facettengelenke. Die nuklearmedizinische Untersuchung erfordert einige Erfahrung in Bezug auf die Interpretation der Aufnahmen der Halswirbelsäule und die MRT-Untersuchung ist derzeit nur sehr eingeschränkt in der Diagnostik einsetzbar. Die vorliegende Literaturübersicht liefert eine Zusammenfassung des derzeitigen Kenntnisstandes.
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Publication Date: 2025-06-13 PubMed ID: 40513602DOI: 10.1055/a-2536-5264Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Review
- English Abstract
Summary
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This study aims to review advanced diagnostic imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, and nuclear medicine, in diagnosing various conditions that affect the cervical spine of horses. These imaging techniques offer unique advantages in identifying disorders but their effectiveness varies based on factors like age, breed, and discipline.
Diagnostic Imaging Importance in Equine Spinal Ataxia
- Equine spinal ataxia often involves the cervical spine and clear diagnostic imaging is vital in resolving the disorder.
- This research focuses on disorders such as cervical vertebral malformations, osteoarthritis of the articular process joints, and occasional neoplasia cases that affect the spinal cord.
Advanced Imaging Techniques
- Myelography, which is done under general anesthesia, has proven to be more accurate in identifying spinal cord compression and can be performed irrespective of the position of the cervical spine.
- Ultrasonography, on the other hand, is non-invasive and can guide injections to the articular process joints and spinal nerve roots.
Nuclear Medicine and its Limitations
- Nuclear bone scanning is frequently used due to its high sensitivity, but it lacks specificity.
- Age, discipline, and breed largely influence scintigraphic changes and, as such, results should be interpreted prudently.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging’s (MRI) Application in Equine Species
- MRI of the cervical spine is the preferred diagnostic imaging technique in companion animals while its use in the equine species is limited only to foals and ponies.
- This limited use is due to the unavailability of suitable equipment for larger horses.
Conclusion
- This article provides a broad overview of the literature available on advanced diagnostic imaging and its relevance for the equine cervical spine.
- It brings together current findings, thus increasing understanding of the field.
Cite This Article
APA
Hellige M, Geburek F.
(2025).
[Diagnostic imaging of the equine cervical spine and clinical significance of findings – review of literature – Part two: Ultrasonography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, and nuclear medicine].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 53(3), 191-196.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2536-5264 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinik für Pferde, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
- Klinik für Pferde, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
MeSH Terms
- Horses
- Animals
- Cervical Vertebrae / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Myelography / veterinary
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging / veterinary
- Ultrasonography / veterinary
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed / veterinary
- Nuclear Medicine
- Spinal Diseases / veterinary
- Spinal Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Clinical Relevance
Conflict of Interest Statement
Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.Das Literaturverzeichnis findet sich online unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-2536-5264.
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