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Home / Equine Research Bank / Mycopathologia / Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotyp...
Mycopathologia2020; 185(6); 993-1004; doi: 10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0

Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy.

Abstract: Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a cellulolytic mould with the ability to produce highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. Two chemotypes are defined according to their ability to produce either atranones or satratoxins. S. chartarum has been well known as the causative agent of the lethal disease stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Further investigations revealed that this disease is strictly correlated with the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Furthermore, their occurrence in water-damaged buildings has been linked to adverse health effects such as the sick building syndrome. As the chemotypes cannot be characterized via phenotypic criteria, different methods such as PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, LC-MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays have been used so far. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is commonly used for the differentiation of bacteria and yeasts, but this technique is also applicable to filamentous fungi. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating to which extent a reliable differentiation of S. chartarum chemotypes A and S is possible. Besides, another objective was to verify if the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum can be identified. Therefore, 28 strains including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar in three biological replicates. Each sample was applied to FT-IR measurements on day 7, 14 and 21 of cultivation. In this study, we achieved a distinction of the chemotypes A and S via FT-IR spectroscopy after incubation for 7 days on MEA. In terms of genotype differentiation, the PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters remained the only applicable method.
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Publication Date: 2020-10-10 PubMed ID: 33037964PubMed Central: PMC7779419DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The article reports on a research study that uses FT-IR spectroscopy to distinguish between different chemotypes of the Stachybotrys chartarum mould, which has been linked to harmful health effects in horses and within water-damaged buildings.

Introduction to Stachybotrys chartarum and its Chemotypes

  • Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a mould with the capability to breakdown cellulose and produce toxic substances called macrocyclic trichothecenes.
  • There are two chemotypes of S. chartarum, defined by their capacity to generate either atranones or satratoxins.
  • This mould has been identified as the cause of a lethal disease in horses known as stachybotryotoxicosis, which is directly related to the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes.
  • The mould is also associated with adverse health effects in humans when found in water-damaged buildings, leading to conditions such as sick building syndrome.

Difficulty in Differentiating Chemotypes and Prior Methods Used

  • It is challenging to differentiate the chemotypes via phenotypic criteria (observable physical traits), so various methods have been implemented so far such as PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, LC-MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays.

Usage of FT-IR Spectroscopy in the Study

  • Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been typically used to categorise bacteria and yeasts, but this technique can also be employed to filamentous fungi like S. chartarum.
  • The study aimed to examine how effective FT-IR spectroscopy could be in reliably distinguishing S. chartarum chemotypes A and S.
  • Another goal of the study was to confirm if FT-IR could identify the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum.
  • 28 strains of S. chartarum (including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H) were cultivated and examined under FT-IR measurements on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day of cultivation.

Showcasing the Results and Limitations

  • The study revealed that the chemotypes A and S of S. chartarum could be distinguished via FT-IR spectroscopy after being incubated for 7 days on malt extract agar (MEA).
  • When it came to differentiating genotypes, PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters proved to be the only effective method.

Cite This Article

APA
Ekruth J, Gottschalk C, Ulrich S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. (2020). Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia, 185(6), 993-1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0

Publication

Mycopathologia
ISSN: 1573-0832
NlmUniqueID: 7505689
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 185
Issue: 6
Pages: 993-1004

Researcher Affiliations

Ekruth, Julia
  • Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany. Julia.Ekruth@ls.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
Gottschalk, Christoph
  • Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Ulrich, Sebastian
  • Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
  • Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
Gareis, Manfred
  • Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Schwaiger, Karin
  • Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Genotype
  • Horses
  • Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
  • Stachybotrys / classification

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Steinert K, Berg N, Kalinin DV, Jagels A, Würthwein EU, Humpf HU, Kalinina S. Semisynthetic Approach toward Biologically Active Derivatives of Phenylspirodrimanes from S. chartarum.. ACS Omega 2022 Dec 13;7(49):45215-45230.
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  2. Kaeder E, Dorn-In S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Symbiotic Husbandry of Chickens and Pigs Does Not Increase Pathogen Transmission Risk.. Foods 2022 Oct 8;11(19).
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  3. Lindemann V, Jagels A, Behrens M, Hübner F, Humpf HU. In Vitro Metabolism of Phenylspirodrimanes Derived from the Indoor Fungus Stachybotrys.. Toxins (Basel) 2022 Jun 8;14(6).
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  4. Pakbin B, Zolghadr L, Rafiei S, Brück WM, Brück TB. FTIR differentiation based on genomic DNA for species identification of Shigella isolates from stool samples.. Sci Rep 2022 Feb 17;12(1):2780.
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