Diffusion of dye after perineural injection of the palmar/plantar nerves in two different sites in horses: an ex-vivo study.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of dye at two perineural injection sites of the palmar/plantar nerves and describe their anatomical variations of positioning at the level of the distal metacarpus/metatarsus in horses. Two ml of 1% methylene blue solution was injected in 24 limbs (12 forelimbs and 12 hindlimbs) of horse cadavers at two different points: Group 1: between the branch of the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon, and Group 2: between the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons. This was followed by dissection and evaluation of the solution diffusion. A photographic record and description of the anatomical position of the palmar/plantar nerve were performed. A comparison of diffusion directions in each portion (medial or lateral) between groups showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05), except in the dorsal direction on the medial portion of hindlimbs, which was higher in Group 2 (P = 0.025). The digital flexor tendon sheath was inadvertently injected four times into the forelimbs of Group 2. Both injection sites offered good dye contact with the palmar/plantar nerves, with the position between the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament branch having a higher contact area, regardless of the limb portion. The anatomical position of the palmar/plantar nerve in the cadaver specimens was similar between the same limb portions.
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Publication Date: 2021-10-29 PubMed ID: 34713307PubMed Central: 5097680DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09856-6Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research investigated how a dye, meant to simulate medication, spread when injected at two different locations in horse limbs. It found that both sites allowed the dye to make good contact with target nerves, but one site had a larger contact area, despite some unintended injections into adjacent areas.
Objective of the Study
- The aim of this research was to evaluate the spread of dye after injecting it at two different locations near the nerves in the lower limbs of horses.
- The study intended to examine the anatomical variations between different areas and provide a clear description of those variations.
Study Design and Methodology
- The researchers used a 1% methylene blue solution to mimic the distribution of injected substances.
- They injected the dye into 24 limbs (12 front and 12 back) from deceased horses, at two distinct spots:
- Group 1: between the branch of the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon.
- Group 2: between the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons.
- To witness the spread of the dye, the team dissected and evaluated the limbs after injection.
- The researchers took photographs and noted the anatomical position of the palmar/plantar nerves.
Findings of the Study
- Comparisons of the dye spread directions between the two groups showed no significant difference.
- However, in the dorsal direction on the medial portion of hindlimbs, the dye spread was higher in Group 2.
- The dye was accidentally injected into the sheath of the digital flexor tendon four times when using the injection point from Group 2 on forelimbs.
- Regardless of these findings, both injection sites successfully maintained dye contact with the palmar/plantar nerves, but the location between the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament branch (Group 1) had a larger contact area.
- Across all samples, the anatomical positioning of the palmar/plantar nerves appeared consistent within the same sections of the limbs.
Cite This Article
APA
de Souza AF, Pascual CJ, Maia BT, do Valle De Zoppa AL.
(2021).
Diffusion of dye after perineural injection of the palmar/plantar nerves in two different sites in horses: an ex-vivo study.
Vet Res Commun, 46(1), 283-288.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09856-6 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. anderson.fs@usp.br.
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cadaver
- Forelimb
- Horse Diseases
- Horses
- Tendons
Grant Funding
- 001 / Coordenau00e7u00e3o de Aperfeiu00e7oamento de Pessoal de Nu00edvel Superior
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