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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(24); 3795; doi: 10.3390/ani13243795

Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? Meta-Study and Evaluation of Poisoning Cases in Central Europe.

Abstract: One of the possible roles of secondary plant metabolites, including toxins, is facilitating plant-animal communication. Lethal cases of pasture poisoning show that the message is not always successfully conveyed. As the focus of poisoning lies in the clinical aspects, the external circumstances of pasture poisoning are widely unknown. To document poisoning conditions in cattle, sheep, goats, and horses on pastures and to compile a checklist of plants involved in either poisoning or co-existence (zero poisoning), published case reports were evaluated as primary sources. The number of affected animal individuals was estimated within abundance classes from 0 to more than 100. The checklist of poisonous plants comprised 52 taxa. Of these, 13 taxa were deemed safe (no reference was found indicating poisoning), 11 taxa were associated with evidence-based zero poisoning (positive list), and 28 taxa were associated with poisoning (negative list). Nine plant taxa caused poisoning in more than 100 animal individuals. Zero poisoning accounted for 40% and poisoning accounted for 60% of a total of 85 cases. Poisoning was most often associated with a limited choice of feed (24.7%), followed by overgrazing (12.9%), seasonally scarce feed (10.6%), and co-ingestion of grass (4.7%). Hunger interferes with plant-animal co-existence, while zero poisoning improves it. In conclusion, poisonous plants in pastures may communicate their toxicity if the animals have enough alternative feed plants. An individual animal might utterly perceive the communication of toxicity by the plant species but be forced to ignore the message owing to a limited choice of feed options.
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Publication Date: 2023-12-08 PubMed ID: 38136831PubMed Central: PMC10740430DOI: 10.3390/ani13243795Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study examines whether poisonous plants in pastures signal their toxicity to grazing animals, analyzing reported poisoning cases and the conditions under which animals consume these plants in Central Europe.
  • The research compiles a catalog of plants involved in poisoning and safe co-existence, evaluating factors influencing whether animals avoid or consume toxic plants.

Research Goals and Background

  • Investigate if secondary plant metabolites (i.e., toxins) act as communication tools between plants and grazing animals, warning them of toxicity.
  • Compile and evaluate documented cases of pasture poisoning in cattle, sheep, goats, and horses across Central Europe.
  • Understand environmental and feeding conditions that influence whether animals are poisoned or safely graze with poisonous plants.

Methods

  • Systematic review of published case reports regarding pasture poisoning events and cases of co-existence without poisoning (“zero poisoning”).
  • Identification and classification of plant taxa related to poisoning or safe co-existence status based on evidence from literature.
  • Estimation of the number of affected animals grouped into abundance classes, ranging from zero to over 100 individuals.

Key Findings

  • A total of 52 plant taxa were listed, categorized as follows:
    • 13 taxa considered safe with no reported poisoning cases.
    • 11 taxa associated with confirmed zero poisoning cases (positive list), indicating animals can co-exist with these plants.
    • 28 taxa associated with poisoning cases (negative list), indicating toxicity risks to livestock.
  • Among the poisonous plants, 9 taxa were responsible for poisoning more than 100 individual animals, highlighting their significant impact.
  • Out of 85 documented cases, approximately 40% resulted in zero poisoning while 60% involved poisoning incidents.

Factors Influencing Poisoning

  • Limited Feed Choice (24.7%): Animals were more likely to ingest toxic plants when alternative, non-toxic forage was scarce.
  • Overgrazing (12.9%): Heavy grazing pressure reduced availability of preferred feed, forcing animals towards poisonous plants.
  • Seasonally Scarce Feed (10.6%): Periods with low pasture quality or quantity increased risk of poisoning.
  • Co-Ingestion of Grass (4.7%): Mixed feeding sometimes led to toxic plant ingestion alongside grass.
  • Hunger and nutritional stress were identified as key contributors disrupting the natural avoidance behavior of animals.

Interpretation and Conclusion

  • Poisonous plants likely emit chemical signals (toxins) that can communicate their toxicity to grazing animals under normal conditions.
  • Successful communication leads to avoidance and zero poisoning when animals have sufficient alternative forage choices.
  • In situations of feed scarcity or overgrazing, animals may disregard or fail to respond to toxicity signals, resulting in poisoning.
  • This suggests that the plant-animal communication system is influenced by ecological context, particularly availability of feed diversity.
  • Managing pasture conditions to maintain diverse and adequate forage options may help reduce poisoning risk by supporting natural avoidance behavior.

Cite This Article

APA
Aboling S. (2023). Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? Meta-Study and Evaluation of Poisoning Cases in Central Europe. Animals (Basel), 13(24), 3795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243795

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 24
PII: 3795

Researcher Affiliations

Aboling, Sabine
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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