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Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)2020; 21(5); 305-320; doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2671

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: A Scoping Review of the Global Evidence.

Abstract: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is primarily found in North America and the Caribbean. Over the past decade there has been an increase in virus activity, including large outbreaks in human and horse populations. Predicted climate change is expected to affect the range of mosquitoes including vectors of EEEV, which may alter disease risk posing a public health concern. A scoping review (ScR) was conducted to identify and characterize the global evidence on EEEV. A thorough search was conducted in relevant bibliographic databases and government websites. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for relevance and the characteristics of relevant articles were extracted using a uniformly implemented data collection form. The study protocol was developed and described the methods and tools used and this article follows the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reporting ScRs. The ScR included 718 relevant research articles. The majority of the articles originated from North America (97%) between 1933 and 2019. EEEV has been identified in 35 species of mosquitoes, over 200 species of birds, various domestic animals, wild mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Articles identified in this ScR primarily covered three topic areas: epidemiology of hosts and vectors (344 articles) including surveillance results (138), pathogenesis of EEEV in hosts (193), and studies characterizing EEEV (111). Fewer articles evaluated the accuracy of diagnostic tests (63), the efficacy of mitigation strategies (62), transmission dynamics (56), treatment of EEEV in hosts (10), societal knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (4), and economic burden (2). With the projected impact of climate change on mosquito populations, it is expected that the risk of EEEV could change resulting in higher disease burden or spread into previously unaffected areas. Future research efforts should focus on closing some of the important knowledge gaps identified in this ScR.
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Publication Date: 2020-12-17 PubMed ID: 33332203PubMed Central: PMC8086401DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2671Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research reviews existing literature on the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV), a virus transmitted by mosquitoes prevalent in North America and the Caribbean, that resulted in outbreaks in human and horse populations. Climate change may alter the spread of this disease, causing a potential public health concern. The review reveals knowledge gaps that require further research.

About the Study

  • The researchers conducted a scoping review of global literature on Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to identify the current state of knowledge and to highlight areas where further research is needed.
  • The scoping review involved thoroughly scouring relevant databases and governmental websites to gather pertinent information.
  • In order to ensure the validity and reliability of the review, two independent evaluators screened titles and abstracts based on their relevancy. Data from relevant articles were extracted using a uniformly implemented form.
  • The study protocol follows the PRISMA-ScR guideline, a rigorous reporting guideline for scoping reviews.

Key Findings

  • The review included 718 pertinent articles, primarily originating from North America and spanning the period between 1933 and 2019.
  • EEEV has been detected in 35 mosquito species, over 200 bird species, and various other animals, including domestic animals, wild mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.
  • The articles in the review cover primarily three areas: the epidemiology of hosts and vectors, pathogenesis of EEEV in hosts, and studies characterizing EEEV.
  • Fewer articles investigated other areas such as the accuracy of diagnostic tests, efficacy of mitigation strategies, transmission dynamics, treatment of EEEV in hosts, societal knowledge and perceptions towards EEEV and its economic impact.

Implications and Future Research

  • Given that climate change could potentially affect mosquito populations, researchers believe that there might be a shift in the risk of EEEV. This could lead to an increased disease burden or a spread of the virus into areas previously unaffected.
  • The researchers suggest that future studies should aim to close the identified knowledge gaps concerning EEEV, to better equip the scientific community to handle the potential change in EEEV behavior due to climate change.

Cite This Article

APA
Corrin T, Ackford R, Mascarenhas M, Greig J, Waddell LA. (2020). Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: A Scoping Review of the Global Evidence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 21(5), 305-320. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2671

Publication

Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)
ISSN: 1557-7759
NlmUniqueID: 100965525
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 5
Pages: 305-320

Researcher Affiliations

Corrin, Tricia
  • Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada.
Ackford, Rachel
  • Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada.
Mascarenhas, Mariola
  • Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada.
Greig, Judy
  • Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada.
Waddell, Lisa A
  • Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Birds
  • Culicidae
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / veterinary
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horses
  • Mosquito Vectors

Conflict of Interest Statement

All authors declare that no competing financial interests exist.

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