FREE SHIPPING over $40
Horse Supplements USA English
Horse Supplements Canada EnglishSuppléments Équins Canada French
My Account
View Cart My Horses Track Orders Account Details My Subscriptions Update Address Payment Methods
Register/Login
0
Home/Equine Research Bank/Clin Microbiol Rev/Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Can...
Clinical microbiology reviews1994; 7(1); 89-116; doi: 10.1128/CMR.7.1.89

Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada.

Abstract: Of more than 500 arboviruses recognized worldwide, 5 were first isolated in Canada and 58 were first isolated in the United States. Six of these viruses are human pathogens: western equine encephalitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and Powassan (POW) viruses (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus), LaCrosse (LAC) virus (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus), and Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus (Reoviridae, Coltivirus). Their scientific histories, geographic distributions, virology, epidemiology, vectors, vertebrate hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical and differential diagnoses, control, treatment, and laboratory diagnosis are reviewed. In addition, mention is made of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex viruses (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), which periodically cause human and equine disease in North America. WEE, EEE, and SLE viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes between birds; POW and CTF viruses, between wild mammals by ticks; LAC virus, between small mammals by mosquitoes; and VEE viruses, between small or large mammals by mosquitoes. Human infections are tangential to the natural cycle. Such infections range from rare to focal but are relatively frequent where they occur. Epidemics of WEE, EEE, VEE, and SLE viruses have been recorded at periodic intervals, but prevalence of infections with LAC and CTF viruses typically are constant, related to the degree of exposure to infected vectors. Infections with POW virus appear to be rare. Adequate diagnostic tools are available, but treatment is mainly supportive, and greater efforts at educating the public and the medical community are suggested if infections are to be prevented.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1994-01-01 PubMed ID: 8118792PubMed Central: PMC358307DOI: 10.1128/CMR.7.1.89Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedIn
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates medically important arboviruses (viruses transmitted by arthropods) of the United States and Canada, focusing on their scientific histories, geographic distributions, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control.

Overview of Arboviruses

  • The paper highlights that of more than 500 arboviruses recognized globally, 63 were first isolated in North America; 5 in Canada and 58 in the United States.
  • The arboviruses that are human pathogens include western equine encephalitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses; St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and Powassan (POW) viruses; LaCrosse (LAC) virus; and Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus.
  • These viruses belong to various virus families and genera and have different animal vectors and vertebrate hosts.

Transmission Pathways and Geographic Distributions

  • Some of these viruses, such as WEE, EEE, and SLE are typically transmitted by mosquitoes between birds.
  • POW and CTF viruses are mainly spread between wild mammals by ticks.
  • The LAC virus is usually transmitted between small mammals by mosquitoes.
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex viruses which sporadically cause diseases are typically transmitted between small or large mammals by mosquitoes.
  • Human infections are incidental to the natural viral cycle and can range from scarce to localized, but are relatively regular where they do occur.

Epidemiology and Control

  • Outbreaks of WEE, EEE, VEE, and SLE viruses have been recorded at periodic intervals.
  • Conversely, prevalence of infections with LAC and CTF viruses is usually constant and related to the degree of exposure to infected vectors.
  • Infections with the POW virus seem to be rare.
  • Although adequate diagnostic tools are available, treatment is primarily supportive.
  • The authors suggest that preventing these infections requires greater public education efforts and awareness amongst the medical community.

Cite This Article

APA
Calisher CH. (1994). Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev, 7(1), 89-116. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.7.1.89

Publication

Clinical microbiology reviews
ISSN: 0893-8512
NlmUniqueID: 8807282
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 89-116

Researcher Affiliations

Calisher, C H
  • Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Foothills Campus, Ft. Collins 80523.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Arbovirus Infections / diagnosis
  • Arbovirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Arbovirus Infections / therapy
  • Arbovirus Infections / transmission
  • Arboviruses / classification
  • Arboviruses / genetics
  • Arboviruses / isolation & purification
  • Arboviruses / pathogenicity
  • Canada / epidemiology
  • Diagnosis, Differential
  • Humans
  • United States / epidemiology

References

This article includes 187 references
  1. Emmons RW. Ecology of Colorado tick fever.. Annu Rev Microbiol 1988;42:49-64.
    pubmed: 2849373doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.42.100188.000405google scholar: lookup
  2. Cimolai N, Anand CM, Gish GJ, Calisher CH, Fishbein DB. Human Colorado tick fever in southern Alberta.. CMAJ 1988 Jul 1;139(1):45-6.
    pubmed: 2838146
  3. Howitt B. RECOVERY OF THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS FROM THE BRAIN OF A CHILD.. Science 1938 Nov 11;88(2289):455-6.
    pubmed: 17736946doi: 10.1126/science.88.2289.455google scholar: lookup
  4. Calisher CH, Maness KS, Lord RD, Coleman PH. Identification of two South American strains of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from migrant birds captured on the Mississippi delta.. Am J Epidemiol 1971 Aug;94(2):172-8.
    pubmed: 5568603doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121309google scholar: lookup
  5. Holland J, Spindler K, Horodyski F, Grabau E, Nichol S, VandePol S. Rapid evolution of RNA genomes.. Science 1982 Mar 26;215(4540):1577-85.
    pubmed: 7041255doi: 10.1126/science.7041255google scholar: lookup
  6. Artsob H, Spence LP, Calisher CH, Sekla LH, Brust RA. Isolation of California encephalitis serotype from mosquitoes collected in Manitoba, Canada.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1985 Jun;1(2):257-8.
    pubmed: 2906670
  7. Mitchell CJ, Niebylski ML, Smith GC, Karabatsos N, Martin D, Mutebi JP, Craig GB Jr, Mahler MJ. Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes albopictus in Florida.. Science 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):526-7.
    pubmed: 1321985doi: 10.1126/science.1321985google scholar: lookup
  8. Kubes V, Ru00edos FA. THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF INFECTIOUS EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN VENEZUELA.. Science 1939 Jul 7;90(2323):20-1.
    pubmed: 17818578doi: 10.1126/science.90.2323.20google scholar: lookup
  9. Emord DE, Morris CD. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VI. Antibody prevalence in wild birds during an interepizootic period.. J Med Entomol 1984 Jul 26;21(4):395-404.
    pubmed: 6092637doi: 10.1093/jmedent/21.4.395google scholar: lookup
  10. Howard JJ, White DJ, Muller SL. Mark-recapture studies on the Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus.. J Med Entomol 1989 May;26(3):190-9.
    pubmed: 2566686doi: 10.1093/jmedent/26.3.190google scholar: lookup
  11. Oshiro LS, Dondero DV, Emmons RW, Lennette EH. The development of Colorado tick fever virus within cells of the haemopoietic system.. J Gen Virol 1978 Apr;39(1):73-9.
    pubmed: 641533doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-39-1-73google scholar: lookup
  12. Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Calisher CH. Genetic characterization of an antigenic subtype of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.. Arch Virol 1992;127(1-4):305-14.
    pubmed: 1280945doi: 10.1007/BF01309592google scholar: lookup
  13. Tabachnick WJ. The evolutionary relationships among arboviruses and the evolutionary relationships of their vectors provides a method for understanding vector-host interactions.. J Med Entomol 1991 May;28(3):297-8.
    pubmed: 1875356
  14. Leonov GN, Somov GP. [Tick-borne encephalitis in the Maritime Territory].. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1989 Jul;(7):43-8.
    pubmed: 2816183
  15. Stansfield SK, Calisher CH, Hunt AR, Winkler WG. Antibodies to arboviruses in an Alaskan population at occupational risk of infection.. Can J Microbiol 1988 Nov;34(11):1213-6.
    pubmed: 3208197doi: 10.1139/m88-213google scholar: lookup
  16. Calisher CH, Sasso DR, Sather GE. Possible evidence for interference with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccination of equines by pre-existing antibody to Eastern or Western Equine encephalitis virus, or both.. Appl Microbiol 1973 Oct;26(4):485-8.
    pubmed: 4751797doi: 10.1128/am.26.4.485-488.1973google scholar: lookup
  17. Moore CG, Francy DB, Eliason DA, Bailey RE, Campos EG. Aedes albopictus and other container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the United States: results of an eight-city survey.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1990 Jun;6(2):173-8.
    pubmed: 2370523
  18. Rosato RR, Macasaet FF, Jahrling PB. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of immunoglobulins G and M to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vaccinated and naturally infected humans.. J Clin Microbiol 1988 Mar;26(3):421-5.
    pubmed: 3356784doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.3.421-425.1988google scholar: lookup
  19. Tully TN Jr, Shane SM, Poston RP, England JJ, Vice CC, Cho DY, Panigrahy B. Eastern equine encephalitis in a flock of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae).. Avian Dis 1992 Jul-Sep;36(3):808-12.
    pubmed: 1417619
  20. White MG, Carter NW, Rector FC, Seldin DW, Drewry SJ, Sanford JP, Luby JP, Unger RH, Kaplan NM, Shapiro W, Eisenberg S. Pathophysiology of epidemic St. Louis encephalitis. I. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. II. Pituitary-adrenal function. 3. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism.. Ann Intern Med 1969 Oct;71(4):691-702.
    pubmed: 4311763doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-71-4-691google scholar: lookup
  21. Crans WJ, McNelly J, Schulze TL, Main A. Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes sollicitans during an epizootic in southern New Jersey.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1986 Mar;2(1):68-72.
    pubmed: 2853203
  22. CASEY HL. STANDARDIZED DIAGNOSTIC COMPLEMENT FIXATION METHOD AND ADAPTATION TO MICRO TEST. I. LABORATORY BRANCH COMPLEMENT FIXATION METHOD BY LABORATORY BRANCH TASK FORCE. II. ADAPTATION OF LBCF METHOD TO MICRO TECHNIQUE.. Public Health Monogr 1965;74:1-34.
    pubmed: 14344306
  23. Sellers RF, Maarouf AR. Impact of climate on western equine encephalitis in Manitoba, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1980-1983.. Epidemiol Infect 1988 Dec;101(3):511-35.
    pubmed: 2905669doi: 10.1017/s095026880002940xgoogle scholar: lookup
  24. Wagstaff KH, Dickson SL, Bailey A. Western equine encephalitis surveillance in Utah.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1986 Jun;2(2):201-3.
    pubmed: 3507489
  25. FLORIO L, MILLER MS. Epidemiology of Colorado tick fever.. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1948 Feb;38(2):211-3.
    pubmed: 18905851doi: 10.2105/ajph.38.2.211google scholar: lookup
  26. Monath TP, Calisher CH, Davis M, Bowen GS, White J. Experimental studies of rhesus monkeys infected with epizootic and enzootic subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.. J Infect Dis 1974 Feb;129(2):194-200.
    pubmed: 4204239doi: 10.1093/infdis/129.2.194google scholar: lookup
  27. Calisher CH, Berardi VP, Muth DJ, Buff EE. Specificity of immunoglobulin M and G antibody responses in humans infected with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses: application to rapid serodiagnosis.. J Clin Microbiol 1986 Feb;23(2):369-72.
    pubmed: 3009535doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.2.369-372.1986google scholar: lookup
  28. Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB. An interspecific mosquito model for the mesenteronal infection barrier to western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens).. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 May;35(3):632-41.
    pubmed: 3706628doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.632google scholar: lookup
  29. Jones LD, Davies CR, Steele GM, Nuttall PA. A novel mode of arbovirus transmission involving a nonviremic host.. Science 1987 Aug 14;237(4816):775-7.
    pubmed: 3616608doi: 10.1126/science.3616608google scholar: lookup
  30. Calisher CH, Shope RE, Brandt W, Casals J, Karabatsos N, Murphy FA, Tesh RB, Wiebe ME. Proposed antigenic classification of registered arboviruses I. Togaviridae, Alphavirus.. Intervirology 1980;14(5-6):229-32.
    pubmed: 6265396doi: 10.1159/000149190google scholar: lookup
  31. Trent DW, Grant JA. A comparison of New World alphaviruses in the western equine encephalomyelitis complex by immunochemical and oligonucleotide fingerprint techniques.. J Gen Virol 1980 Apr;47(2):261-82.
    pubmed: 6154128doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-47-2-261google scholar: lookup
  32. Trent DW, Kinney RM, Johnson BJ, Vorndam AV, Grant JA, Deubel V, Rice CM, Hahn C. Partial nucleotide sequence of St. Louis encephalitis virus RNA: structural proteins, NS1, ns2a, and ns2b.. Virology 1987 Feb;156(2):293-304.
    pubmed: 3027980doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90409-0google scholar: lookup
  33. Morier L, Cantelar N, Soler M. Infection of a poikilothermic cell line (XL-2) with eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses.. J Med Virol 1987 Mar;21(3):277-81.
    pubmed: 3031203doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890210311google scholar: lookup
  34. Calisher CH, Meurman O, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Halonen PE, Muth DJ. Sensitive enzyme immunoassay for detecting immunoglobulin M antibodies to Sindbis virus and further evidence that Pogosta disease is caused by a western equine encephalitis complex virus.. J Clin Microbiol 1985 Oct;22(4):566-71.
    pubmed: 3908469doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.4.566-571.1985google scholar: lookup
  35. Hardy JL. The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 Nov;37(3 Suppl):18S-32S.
    pubmed: 3318522doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.18sgoogle scholar: lookup
  36. Lanciotti RS, Calisher CH, Gubler DJ, Chang GJ, Vorndam AV. Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Mar;30(3):545-51.
    pubmed: 1372617doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.3.545-551.1992google scholar: lookup
  37. Ludwig GV, Christensen BM, Yuill TM, Schultz KT. Enzyme processing of La Crosse virus glycoprotein G1: a bunyavirus-vector infection model.. Virology 1989 Jul;171(1):108-13.
    pubmed: 2662577doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90516-3google scholar: lookup
  38. Avilu00e9s G, Sabattini MS, Mitchell CJ. Transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus by Argentine Aedes albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).. J Med Entomol 1992 Sep;29(5):850-3.
    pubmed: 1404265doi: 10.1093/jmedent/29.5.850google scholar: lookup
  39. Kalfayan B. Pathology of La Crosse virus infection in humans.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:179-86.
    pubmed: 6867033
  40. Lord RD, Calisher CH, Doughty WP. Assessment of bird involvement in three urban St. Louis encephalitis epidemics.. Am J Epidemiol 1974 May;99(5):364-7.
    pubmed: 4825601doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121622google scholar: lookup
  41. Burke DS, Lorsomrudee W, Leake CJ, Hoke CH, Nisalak A, Chongswasdi V, Laorakpongse T. Fatal outcome in Japanese encephalitis.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 Nov;34(6):1203-10.
    pubmed: 3010752doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.1203google scholar: lookup
  42. THOMAS LA, EKLUND CM. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected garter snakes and transmission to mosquitoes.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960 Oct;105:52-5.
    pubmed: 13776510doi: 10.3181/00379727-105-26006google scholar: lookup
  43. Jackson AC. Leg weakness associated with Powassan virus infection--Ontario.. Can Dis Wkly Rep 1989 Jun 17;15(24):123-4.
    pubmed: 2547526
  44. Jakob WL, Davis T, Francy DB. Occurrence of Culex erythrothorax in southeastern Colorado and report of virus isolations from this and other mosquito species.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1989 Dec;5(4):534-6.
    pubmed: 2614403
  45. Fillis CA, Calisher CH. Neutralizing antibody responses of humans and mice to vaccination with Venezuelan encephalitis (TC-83) virus.. J Clin Microbiol 1979 Oct;10(4):544-9.
    pubmed: 93607doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.4.544-549.1979google scholar: lookup
  46. Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB. Effect of temperature of extrinsic incubation on the vector competence of Culex tarsalis for western equine encephalomyelitis virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983 Sep;32(5):1130-9.
    pubmed: 6625067doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.1130google scholar: lookup
  47. Rosen L. The use of Toxorhynchites mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue and other arboviruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981 Jan;30(1):177-83.
    pubmed: 6111230doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.177google scholar: lookup
  48. Henderson BE, Chappell WA, Johnston JG Jr, Sudia WD. Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. I. Clinical and virological studies.. Am J Epidemiol 1971 Mar;93(3):194-205.
    pubmed: 4397564doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121246google scholar: lookup
  49. Calisher CH, el-Kafrawi AO, Al-Deen Mahmud MI, Travassos da Rosa AP, Bartz CR, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Haksohusodo S, Suharyono W. Complex-specific immunoglobulin M antibody patterns in humans infected with alphaviruses.. J Clin Microbiol 1986 Jan;23(1):155-9.
    pubmed: 3009526doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.1.155-159.1986google scholar: lookup
  50. Bowen GS, Monath TP, Kemp GE, Kerschner JH, Kirk LJ. Geographic variation among St. Louis encephalitis virus strains in the viremic responses of avian hosts.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980 Nov;29(6):1411-9.
    pubmed: 7446828doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.1411google scholar: lookup
  51. Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Lazuick JS, Monath TP, Wolff KL. Reevaluation of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex of alphaviruses (family Togaviridae) as determined by neutralization tests.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Mar;38(2):447-52.
    pubmed: 2833129doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.447google scholar: lookup
  52. Goodpasture HC, Poland JD, Francy DB, Bowen GS, Horn KA. Colorado tick fever: clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory aspects of 228 cases in Colorado in 1973-1974.. Ann Intern Med 1978 Mar;88(3):303-10.
    pubmed: 204240doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-88-3-303google scholar: lookup
  53. Lord RD, Calisher CH, Chappell WA, Metzger WR, Fischer GW. Urban St. Louis encephalitis surveillance through wild birds.. Am J Epidemiol 1974 May;99(5):360-3.
    pubmed: 4825600doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121621google scholar: lookup
  54. Calisher CH. Taxonomy, classification, and geographic distribution of California serogroup bunyaviruses.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:1-16.
    pubmed: 6346334
  55. Watts DM, Clark GG, Crabbs CL, Rossi CA, Olin TR, Bailey CL. Ecological evidence against vertical transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA.. J Med Entomol 1987 Jan;24(1):91-8.
    pubmed: 2881000doi: 10.1093/jmedent/24.1.91google scholar: lookup
  56. THOMPSON WH, KALFAYAN B, ANSLOW RO. ISOLATION OF CALIFORNIA ENCEPHALITIS GROUP VIRUS FROM A FATAL HUMAN ILLNESS.. Am J Epidemiol 1965 Mar;81:245-53.
    pubmed: 14261030doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120512google scholar: lookup
  57. Monath TP, McLean RG, Cropp CB, Parham GL, Lazuick JS, Calisher CH. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis by immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue.. Am J Vet Res 1981 Aug;42(8):1418-21.
    pubmed: 7027847
  58. Murphy FA, Harrison AK, Whitfield SG. Bunyaviridae: morphologic and morphogenetic similarities of Bunyamwera serologic supergroup viruses and several other arthropod-borne viruses.. Intervirology 1973;1(4):297-316.
    pubmed: 4130034doi: 10.1159/000148858google scholar: lookup
  59. Luby JP. St. Louis encephalitis.. Epidemiol Rev 1979;1:55-73.
    pubmed: 398269doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036214google scholar: lookup
  60. McLEAN DM, DONOHUE WL. Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis.. Can Med Assoc J 1959 May 1;80(9):708-11.
    pubmed: 13652010
  61. Beaty BJ, Bishop DH. Bunyavirus-vector interactions.. Virus Res 1988 Jun;10(4):289-301.
    pubmed: 3046165doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(88)90071-8google scholar: lookup
  62. Hammon WM, Reeves WC, Brookman B, Izumi EM, Gjullin CM. ISOLATION OF THE VIRUSES OF WESTERN EQUINE AND ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS FROM CULEX TARSALIS MOSQUITOES.. Science 1941 Oct 3;94(2440):328-30.
    pubmed: 17836027doi: 10.1126/science.94.2440.328google scholar: lookup
  63. CASALS J. ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS.. J Exp Med 1964 Apr 1;119(4):547-65.
    pubmed: 14151098doi: 10.1084/jem.119.4.547google scholar: lookup
  64. Bailey CL, Eldridge BF, Hayes DE, Watts DM, Tammariello RF, Dalrymple JM. Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from overwintering Culex pipiens mosquitoes.. Science 1978 Mar 24;199(4335):1346-9.
    pubmed: 628843doi: 10.1126/science.628843google scholar: lookup
  65. Brown SE, Miller BR, McLean RG, Knudson DL. Co-circulation of multiple Colorado tick fever virus genotypes.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989 Jan;40(1):94-101.
    pubmed: 2916731doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.94google scholar: lookup
  66. Monath TP, Cropp CB, Harrison AK. Mode of entry of a neurotropic arbovirus into the central nervous system. Reinvestigation of an old controversy.. Lab Invest 1983 Apr;48(4):399-410.
    pubmed: 6300550
  67. Westaway EG, Brinton MA, Gaidamovich SYa, Horzinek MC, Igarashi A, Ku00e4u00e4riu00e4inen L, Lvov DK, Porterfield JS, Russell PK, Trent DW. Togaviridae.. Intervirology 1985;24(3):125-39.
    pubmed: 2999027doi: 10.1159/000149632google scholar: lookup
  68. Karabatsos N, Lewis AL, Calisher CH, Hunt AR, Roehrig JT. Identification of Highlands J virus from a Florida horse.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Dec;39(6):603-6.
    pubmed: 2849884doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.603google scholar: lookup
  69. Scott TW, Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ. The distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Mar;33(2):300-10.
    pubmed: 6143511doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.300google scholar: lookup
  70. McLean RG, Shriner RB, Pokorny KS, Bowen GS. The ecology of Colorado tick fever in Rocky Mountain National Park in 1974. III. Habitats supporting the virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989 Jan;40(1):86-93.
    pubmed: 2537045doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.86google scholar: lookup
  71. Englund JA, Breningstall GN, Heck LJ, Lazuick JS, Karabatsos N, Calisher CH, Tsai TF. Diagnosis of western equine encephalitis in an infant by brain biopsy.. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986 May-Jun;5(3):382-4.
    pubmed: 3725645doi: 10.1097/00006454-198605000-00026google scholar: lookup
  72. Cruse RP, Rothner AD, Erenberg G, Calisher CH. Central European tick-borne encephalitis: an Ohio case with a history of foreign travel.. Am J Dis Child 1979 Oct;133(10):1070-1.
    pubmed: 495602doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1979.02130100094021google scholar: lookup
  73. Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Rico-Hesse R. Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses.. Virology 1992 Nov;191(1):282-90.
    pubmed: 1413507doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90190-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  74. Crans WJ. Failure of chickens to act as sentinels during an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis in southern New Jersey, USA.. J Med Entomol 1986 Dec 4;23(6):626-9.
    pubmed: 3025443doi: 10.1093/jmedent/23.6.626google scholar: lookup
  75. Chang GJ, Trent DW. Nucleotide sequence of the genome region encoding the 26S mRNA of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and the deduced amino acid sequence of the viral structural proteins.. J Gen Virol 1987 Aug;68 ( Pt 8):2129-42.
    pubmed: 2886548doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2129google scholar: lookup
  76. Waters JR. An epidemic of Western encephalomyelitis in humans-Manitoba, 1975.. Can J Public Health 1976 May-Jun;67 Suppl 1:28-32.
    pubmed: 963655
  77. Burton AN, McLintock J. Further evidence of Western encephalitis infection in Saskatchewan mammals and birds and in reindeer in northern Canada.. Can Vet J 1970 Nov;11(11):232-5.
    pubmed: 5530913
  78. Sulkin SE, Sims RA, Allen R. Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from bats (Tadarida b. mexicana) in Texas.. Science 1966 Apr 8;152(3719):223-5.
    pubmed: 12325353doi: 10.1126/science.152.3719.223google scholar: lookup
  79. Calisher CH, Mahmud MI, el-Kafrawi AO, Emerson JK, Muth DJ. Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1986 Jun;47(6):1296-9.
    pubmed: 3729130
  80. Kappus KD, Monath TP, Kaminski RM, Calisher CH. Reported encephalitis associated with California serogroup virus infections in the United States, 1963-1981.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:31-41.
    pubmed: 6867038
  81. Gonzalez-Scarano F, Beaty B, Sundin D, Janssen R, Endres MJ, Nathanson N. Genetic determinants of the virulence and infectivity of La Crosse virus.. Microb Pathog 1988 Jan;4(1):1-7.
    pubmed: 3059135doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(88)90041-1google scholar: lookup
  82. McLean RG, Shriner RB, Kirk LJ, Muth DJ. Western equine encephalitis in avian populations in North Dakota, 1975.. J Wildl Dis 1989 Oct;25(4):481-9.
    pubmed: 2810548doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-25.4.481google scholar: lookup
  83. Scott TW, Olson JG. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral antigen in avian blood by enzyme immunoassay: a laboratory study.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 May;35(3):611-8.
    pubmed: 3010753doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.611google scholar: lookup
  84. Soler Nodarse M, Mena Portales J, del Barrio G. [Identification of a strain of eastern equine encephalitis virus isolated from the pigeon Colomba livia domestica].. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1985 Jan-Apr;37(1):12-8.
    pubmed: 3014620
  85. Artsob H, Spence L, Bishai F, Kurjanczyk L, Sekla L. Amplified ELISA for the detection of western equine encephalitis virus from mosquitoes in Manitoba, Canada.. J Virol Methods 1987 Dec;18(4):233-42.
    pubmed: 3443681doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90085-1google scholar: lookup
  86. Webster LT, Fite GL. A VIRUS ENCOUNTERED IN THE STUDY OF MATERIAL FROM CASES OF ENCEPHALITIS N THE ST. LOUIS AND KANSAS CITY EPIDEMICS OF 1933.. Science 1933 Nov 17;78(2029):463-5.
    pubmed: 17752093doi: 10.1126/science.78.2029.463google scholar: lookup
  87. Sellers RF. Eastern equine encephalitis in Quebec and Connecticut, 1972: introduction by infected mosquitoes on the wind?. Can J Vet Res 1989 Jan;53(1):76-9.
    pubmed: 2563337
  88. Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ, Maxfield HK, Gilfillan RF, Rosenau BJ. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and Highlands J virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). II. Retrospective field test of the EIA.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Sep;33(5):973-80.
    pubmed: 6148899doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.973google scholar: lookup
  89. Sabattini MS, Daffner JF, Monath TP, Bianchi TI, Cropp CB, Mitchell CJ, Aviles G. Localized eastern equine encephalitis in Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina, without human infection.. Medicina (B Aires) 1991;51(1):3-8.
    pubmed: 1921689
  90. Beaty BJ, Miller BR, Shope RE, Rozhon EJ, Bishop DH. Molecular basis of bunyavirus per os infection of mosquitoes: role of the middle-sized RNA segment.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982 Feb;79(4):1295-7.
    pubmed: 6951175doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1295google scholar: lookup
  91. Eldridge BF. Strategies for surveillance, prevention, and control of arbovirus diseases in western North America.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 Nov;37(3 Suppl):77S-86S.
    pubmed: 2891313doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.77sgoogle scholar: lookup
  92. Weaver SC, Scherer WF, Cupp EW, Castello DA. Barriers to dissemination of Venezuelan encephalitis viruses in the Middle American enzootic vector mosquito, Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Sep;33(5):953-60.
    pubmed: 6541436doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.953google scholar: lookup
  93. Westaway EG, Brinton MA, Gaidamovich SYa, Horzinek MC, Igarashi A, Ku00e4u00e4riu00e4inen L, Lvov DK, Porterfield JS, Russell PK, Trent DW. Flaviviridae.. Intervirology 1985;24(4):183-92.
    pubmed: 3000978doi: 10.1159/000149642google scholar: lookup
  94. Anderson BA. Focal neurologic signs in western equine encephalitis.. Can Med Assoc J 1984 Apr 15;130(8):1019-21.
    pubmed: 6704848
  95. Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and Highlands J virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). I. A laboratory study.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Sep;33(5):965-72.
    pubmed: 6091470doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.965google scholar: lookup
  96. Scott TW, Olson JG, Lewis TE, Carpenter JW, Lorenz LH, Lembeck LA, Joseph SR, Pagac BB. A prospective field evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay: detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in pools of Culiseta melanura.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987 Sep;3(3):412-7.
    pubmed: 2904960
  97. Reeves WC. The discovery decade of arbovirus research in western North America, 1940-1949.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 Nov;37(3 Suppl):94S-100S.
    pubmed: 2891315doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.94sgoogle scholar: lookup
  98. Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Foster JP, Pallansch M, Roehrig JT. Identification of an antigenic subtype of eastern equine encephalitis virus isolated from a human.. J Clin Microbiol 1990 Feb;28(2):373-4.
    pubmed: 2155918doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.373-374.1990google scholar: lookup
  99. Monath TP, Tsai TF. St. Louis encephalitis: lessons from the last decade.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 Nov;37(3 Suppl):40S-59S.
    pubmed: 3318523doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.40sgoogle scholar: lookup
  100. Jahrling PB, Stephenson EH. Protective efficacies of live attenuated and formaldehyde-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccines against aerosol challenge in hamsters.. J Clin Microbiol 1984 Mar;19(3):429-31.
    pubmed: 6715512doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.3.429-431.1984google scholar: lookup
  101. Tabachnick WJ. Genetic control of oral susceptibility to infection of Culicoides variipennis with bluetongue virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Dec;45(6):666-71.
    pubmed: 1662471doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.666google scholar: lookup
  102. O'Meara GF, Larson VL, Mook DH, Latham MD. Aedes bahamensis: its invasion of south Florida and association with Aedes aegypti.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1989 Mar;5(1):1-5.
    pubmed: 2708981
  103. Deering WM. Neurologic aspects and treatment of La Crosse encephalitis.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:187-91.
    pubmed: 6867034
  104. Webster LT, Wright FH. RECOVERY OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS FROM BRAIN TISSUE OF HUMAN CASES OF ENCEPHALITIS IN MASSACHUSETTS.. Science 1938 Sep 30;88(2283):305-6.
    pubmed: 17843373doi: 10.1126/science.88.2283.305google scholar: lookup
  105. Rennels MB. Arthropod-borne virus infections of the central nervous system.. Neurol Clin 1984 May;2(2):241-54.
    pubmed: 6503938
  106. Volchkov VE, Volchkova VA, Netesov SV. [Complete nucleotide sequence of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus genome].. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1991 May;(5):8-15.
    pubmed: 1896061
  107. Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH. Arbovirus studies in the Guajira region of Venezuela: activities of eastern equine encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses during an interepizootic period.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Jul;33(4):699-707.
    pubmed: 6148023doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.699google scholar: lookup
  108. Deibel R, Srihongse S, Grayson MA, Grimstad PR, Mahdy MS, Artsob H, Calisher CH. Jamestown Canyon virus: the etiologic agent of an emerging human disease?. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:313-25.
    pubmed: 6191343
  109. France JK, Wyrick BC, Trent DW. Biochemical and antigenic comparison of the envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus strains.. J Gen Virol 1979 Sep;44(3):725-40.
    pubmed: 119035doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-44-3-725google scholar: lookup
  110. Calisher CH, Fremount HN, Vesely WL, el-Kafrawi AO, Mahmud MI. Relevance of detection of immunoglobulin M antibody response in birds used for arbovirus surveillance.. J Clin Microbiol 1986 Nov;24(5):770-4.
    pubmed: 3021813doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.5.770-774.1986google scholar: lookup
  111. THOMAS LA, KENNEDY RC, EKLUND CM. Isolation of a virus closely related to Powassan virus from Dermacentor andersoni collected along North Cache la Poudre River, Colo.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960 Jun;104:355-9.
    pubmed: 13838002doi: 10.3181/00379727-104-25836google scholar: lookup
  112. Shope R. Global climate change and infectious diseases.. Environ Health Perspect 1991 Dec;96:171-4.
    pubmed: 1820262doi: 10.1289/ehp.9196171google scholar: lookup
  113. Roehrig JT, Mathews JH, Trent DW. Identification of epitopes on the E glycoprotein of Saint Louis encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies.. Virology 1983 Jul 15;128(1):118-26.
    pubmed: 6192585doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90323-9google scholar: lookup
  114. Sellers RF, Maarouf AR. Trajectory analysis of winds and eastern equine encephalitis in USA, 1980-5.. Epidemiol Infect 1990 Apr;104(2):329-43.
    pubmed: 1969804doi: 10.1017/s0950268800059501google scholar: lookup
  115. Kim JH, Booss J, Manuelidis EE, Duncan CC. Human eastern equine encephalitis. Electron microscopic study of a brain biopsy.. Am J Clin Pathol 1985 Aug;84(2):223-7.
    pubmed: 4025229doi: 10.1093/ajcp/84.2.223google scholar: lookup
  116. Calisher CH, Poland JD, Calisher SB, Warmoth LA. Diagnosis of Colorado tick fever virus infection by enzyme immunoassays for immunoglobulin M and G antibodies.. J Clin Microbiol 1985 Jul;22(1):84-8.
    pubmed: 2991332doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.1.84-88.1985google scholar: lookup
  117. Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America.. Virology 1991 Jun;182(2):774-84.
    pubmed: 2024496doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90618-lgoogle scholar: lookup
  118. Dein FJ, Carpenter JW, Clark GG, Montali RJ, Crabbs CL, Tsai TF, Docherty DE. Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Nov 1;189(9):1006-10.
    pubmed: 3505915
  119. Van Regenmortel MH, Maniloff J, Calisher C. The concept of virus species.. Arch Virol 1991;120(3-4):313-4.
    pubmed: 1958131doi: 10.1007/BF01310487google scholar: lookup
  120. Kouru00ed G, Guzmu00e1n MG, Bravo J. Hemorrhagic dengue in Cuba: history of an epidemic.. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1986;20(1):24-30.
    pubmed: 3768589
  121. Broom AK, Charlick J, Richards SJ, Mackenzie JS. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of flavivirus antibodies in chicken sera.. J Virol Methods 1987 Jan;15(1):1-9.
    pubmed: 3027114doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90043-7google scholar: lookup
  122. Scott TW, Weaver SC. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission.. Adv Virus Res 1989;37:277-328.
    pubmed: 2574935doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60838-6google scholar: lookup
  123. Young NA, Johnson KM. Antigenic variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: their geographic distribution and epidemiologic significance.. Am J Epidemiol 1969 Mar;89(3):286-307.
    pubmed: 5773424doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120942google scholar: lookup
  124. Kolakofsky D, Hacker D. Bunyavirus RNA synthesis: genome transcription and replication.. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991;169:143-59.
    pubmed: 1682111doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-76018-1_5google scholar: lookup
  125. Kinney RM, Trent DW, France JK. Comparative immunological and biochemical analyses of viruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex.. J Gen Virol 1983 Jan;64 (Pt 1):135-47.
    pubmed: 6822814doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-64-1-135google scholar: lookup
  126. Beaty BJ, Jamnback TL, Hildreth SW, Brown KL. Rapid diagnosis of La Crosse virus infections: evaluation of serologic and antigen detection techniques for the clinically relevant diagnosis of La Crosse encephalitis.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:293-302.
    pubmed: 6346337
  127. Kinney RM, Esposito JJ, Mathews JH, Johnson BJ, Roehrig JT, Barrett AD, Trent DW. Recombinant vaccinia virus/Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus protects mice from peripheral VEE virus challenge.. J Virol 1988 Dec;62(12):4697-702.
    pubmed: 3184276doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.12.4697-4702.1988google scholar: lookup
  128. Scott TW, Lorenz LH, Weaver SC. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus to infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1990 Jun;6(2):274-8.
    pubmed: 2164563
  129. Chun RW. Clinical aspects of La Crosse encephalitis: neurological and psychological sequelae.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:193-201.
    pubmed: 6867035
  130. Clark GG, Dein FJ, Crabbs CL, Carpenter JW, Watts DM. Antibody response of sandhill and whooping cranes to an eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine.. J Wildl Dis 1987 Oct;23(4):539-44.
    pubmed: 2824863doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-23.4.539google scholar: lookup
  131. Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, Lerdthusnee K, Romoser WS. Togavirus-associated pathologic changes in the midgut of a natural mosquito vector.. J Virol 1988 Jun;62(6):2083-90.
    pubmed: 2896802doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.6.2083-2090.1988google scholar: lookup
  132. Craven RB, Eliason DA, Francy DB, Reiter P, Campos EG, Jakob WL, Smith GC, Bozzi CJ, Moore CG, Maupin GO. Importation of Aedes albopictus and other exotic mosquito species into the United States in used tires from Asia.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1988 Jun;4(2):138-42.
    pubmed: 2903907
  133. Deibel R, Flanagan TD, Smith V. Central nervous system infections in New York State. Etiologic and epidemiologic observations, 1974.. N Y State J Med 1975 Nov;75(13):2337-42.
    pubmed: 1059007
  134. Rosen L. Further observations on the mechanism of vertical transmission of flaviviruses by Aedes mosquitoes.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Jul;39(1):123-6.
    pubmed: 2840833doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.123google scholar: lookup
  135. Scott TW, Olson JG, All BP 3rd, Gibbs EP. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in equine brain tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. Am J Vet Res 1988 Oct;49(10):1716-8.
    pubmed: 2847605
  136. Calisher CH, Pretzman CI, Muth DJ, Parsons MA, Peterson ED. Serodiagnosis of La Crosse virus infections in humans by detection of immunoglobulin M class antibodies.. J Clin Microbiol 1986 Apr;23(4):667-71.
    pubmed: 3700625doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.4.667-671.1986google scholar: lookup
  137. . Public Health Weekly Reports for NOVEMBER 3, 1933.. Public Health Rep (1896) 1933 Nov 3;48(44):1341-1362.
    pubmed: 19315424
  138. Borden EC, Shope RE, Murphy FA. Physicochemical and morphological relationships of some arthropod-borne viruses to bluetongue virus--a new taxonomic group. Physiocochemical and serological studies.. J Gen Virol 1971 Nov;13(2):261-71.
    pubmed: 4333714doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-13-2-261google scholar: lookup
  139. Leonova GN, Sorokina MN, Krugliak SP. [The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of Powassan encephalitis in the southern Soviet Far East].. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Mar;(3):35-9.
    pubmed: 1651637
  140. Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB, Houk EJ. Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981 Jan;30(1):190-7.
    pubmed: 7212166doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.190google scholar: lookup
  141. Roehrig JT, Bolin RA, Hunt AR, Woodward TM. Use of a new synthetic-peptide-derived monoclonal antibody to differentiate between vaccine and wild-type Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses.. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Mar;29(3):630-1.
    pubmed: 2037683doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.3.630-631.1991google scholar: lookup
  142. Dickerman RW, Pinheiro FP, Oliva OF, Travassos da Rosa JF, Calisher CH. Eastern encephalitis virus from virgin forests of Northern Brazil.. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1980;14(1):15-21.
    pubmed: 7378622
  143. Gonzalez-Scarano F, Shope RE, Calisher CE, Nathanson N. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the G1 and N proteins of LaCrosse and Tahyna, two California serogroup bunyaviruses.. Virology 1982 Jul 15;120(1):42-53.
    pubmed: 7101727doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90005-8google scholar: lookup
  144. Yamamoto K, Hashimoto K, Chiba J, Simizu B. Properties of monoclonal antibodies against glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis virus.. J Virol 1985 Sep;55(3):840-2.
    pubmed: 4020970doi: 10.1128/JVI.55.3.840-842.1985google scholar: lookup
  145. Levinson RS, Strauss JH, Strauss EG. Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of O'nyong-nyong virus and its use in the construction of alphavirus phylogenetic trees.. Virology 1990 Mar;175(1):110-23.
    pubmed: 2155505doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90191-sgoogle scholar: lookup
  146. FLORIO L, MILLER MS, MUGRAGE ER. Colorado tick fever; isolation of the virus from Dermacentar andersoni in Nature and a laboratory study of the transmission of the virus in the tick.. J Immunol 1950 Apr;64(4):257-63.
    pubmed: 15415593
  147. CASALS J. Antigenic relationship between Powassan and Russian spring-summer encephalitis viruses.. Can Med Assoc J 1960 Feb 13;82(7):355-8.
    pubmed: 13808112
  148. Artsob H. Distribution of California serogroup viruses and virus infections in Canada.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:277-90.
    pubmed: 6135222
  149. Calisher CH, Levy-Koenig E, Mitchell CJ, Cabrera FA, Cuevas L, Pearson JE. Eastern equine encephalitis in the Dominican Republic, 1978.. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1979;13(4):380-90.
    pubmed: 526677
  150. Boctor FN, Calisher CH, Peter JB. Dot-ELISA for serodiagnosis of human infections due to Western equine encephalitis virus.. J Virol Methods 1989 Dec;26(3):305-11.
    pubmed: 2621241doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(89)90112-2google scholar: lookup
  151. CASALS J, BROWN LV. Hemagglutination with arthropod-borne viruses.. J Exp Med 1954 May 1;99(5):429-49.
    pubmed: 13163320doi: 10.1084/jem.99.5.429google scholar: lookup
  152. Chen WR, Rico-Hesse R, Tesh RB. A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992 Jul;47(1):61-9.
    pubmed: 1322071doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.61google scholar: lookup
  153. Chung SI, Livingston CW Jr, Jones CW, Collisson EW. Cache Valley virus infection in Texas sheep flocks.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991 Aug 1;199(3):337-40.
    pubmed: 1917638
  154. HAMMON WM, REEVES WC, SATHER G. California encephalitis virus, a newly described agent. II. Isolations and attempts to identify and characterize the agent.. J Immunol 1952 Nov;69(5):493-510.
    pubmed: 13011307
  155. Lindsey HS, Calisher CH, Mathews JH. Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology.. J Clin Microbiol 1976 Dec;4(6):503-10.
    pubmed: 1002829doi: 10.1128/jcm.4.6.503-510.1976google scholar: lookup
  156. Trent DW, Monath TP, Bowen GS, Vorndam AV, Cropp CB, Kemp GE. Variation among strains of St. Louis encephalitis virus: basis for a genetic, pathogenetic, and epidemiologic classification.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;354:219-37.
    pubmed: 6261645doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb27969.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  157. Watts DM, Thompson WH, Yuill TM, DeFoliart GR, Hanson RP. Overwintering of La Crosse virus in Aedes triseriatus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1974 Jul;23(4):694-700.
    pubmed: 4847044doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1974.23.694google scholar: lookup
  158. Oprandy JJ, Olson JG, Scott TW. A rapid dot immunoassay for the detection of serum antibodies to eastern equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in sentinel chickens.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Jan;38(1):181-6.
    pubmed: 2829636doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.181google scholar: lookup
  159. GEBHARDT LP, HILL DW. Overwintering of Western equine encephalitis virus.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960 Aug-Sep;104:695-8.
    pubmed: 13704125doi: 10.3181/00379727-104-25955google scholar: lookup
  160. Gundersen CB, Brown KL. Clinical aspects of La Crosse encephalitis: preliminary report.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:169-77.
    pubmed: 6867032
  161. Meyer KF, Haring CM, Howitt B. THE ETIOLOGY OF EPIZOOTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF HORSES IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, 1930.. Science 1931 Aug 28;74(1913):227-8.
    pubmed: 17834966doi: 10.1126/science.74.1913.227google scholar: lookup
  162. Gahlinger PM, Reeves WC, Milby MM. Air conditioning and television as protective factors in arboviral encephalitis risk.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 May;35(3):601-10.
    pubmed: 3486605doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.601google scholar: lookup
  163. Thompson WH, Beaty BJ. Venereal transmission of La Crosse virus from male to female Aedes triseriatus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978 Jan;27(1 Pt 1):187-96.
    pubmed: 626272doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1978.27.187google scholar: lookup
  164. Walton TE, Jochim MM, Barber TL, Thompson LH. Cross-protective immunity between equine encephalomyelitis viruses in equids.. Am J Vet Res 1989 Sep;50(9):1442-6.
    pubmed: 2552875
  165. Tsai TF. Arboviral infections in the United States.. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991 Mar;5(1):73-102.
    pubmed: 1646839
  166. Clark GG, Crabbs CL, Bailey CL, Calisher CH, Craig GB Jr. Identification of Aedes campestris from New Mexico: with notes on the isolation of western equine encephalitis and other arboviruses.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1986 Dec;2(4):529-34.
    pubmed: 2906989
  167. Bodkin DK, Knudson DL. Genetic relatedness of Colorado tick fever virus isolates by RNA-RNA blot hybridization.. J Gen Virol 1987 Apr;68 ( Pt 4):1199-204.
    pubmed: 3572358doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-4-1199google scholar: lookup
  168. Smith JP, Loyless TM, Mulrennan JA Jr. An update on Aedes albopictus in Florida.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1990 Jun;6(2):318-20.
    pubmed: 2370540
  169. Jones LD, Davies CR, Williams T, Cory J, Nuttall PA. Non-viraemic transmission of Thogoto virus: vector efficiency of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990 Nov-Dec;84(6):846-8.
    pubmed: 2096521doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90104-mgoogle scholar: lookup
  170. Monath TP, Nystrom RR, Bailey RE, Calisher CH, Muth DJ. Immunoglobulin M antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of St. Louis encephalitis.. J Clin Microbiol 1984 Oct;20(4):784-90.
    pubmed: 6386882doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.4.784-790.1984google scholar: lookup
  171. Reisen WK, Hardy JL, Reeves WC, Presser SB, Milby MM, Meyer RP. Persistence of mosquito-borne viruses in Kern County, California, 1983-1988.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990 Oct;43(4):419-37.
    pubmed: 2240370doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.43.419google scholar: lookup
  172. McLean DM, McQueen EJ, Petite HE, Macpherson LW, Scholten TH, Ronald K. Powassan Virus: Field Investigations in Northern Ontario, 1959 to 1961.. Can Med Assoc J 1962 May 26;86(21):971-4.
    pubmed: 20327133
  173. Calisher CH, Monath TP, Mitchell CJ, Sabattini MS, Cropp CB, Kerschner J, Hunt AR, Lazuick JS. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. III. Identification and characterization of viruses isolated, including new subtypes of western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and four new bunyaviruses (Las Maloyas, Resistencia, Barranqueras, and Antequera).. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 Sep;34(5):956-65.
    pubmed: 2863990
  174. Hahn CS, Lustig S, Strauss EG, Strauss JH. Western equine encephalitis virus is a recombinant virus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988 Aug;85(16):5997-6001.
    pubmed: 3413072doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5997google scholar: lookup
  175. Parry JE. Control of Aedes triseriatus in La Crosse, Wisconsin.. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;123:355-63.
    pubmed: 6867040
  176. EKLUND CM, KOHLS GM, JELLISON WL. Isolation of Colorado tick fever virus from rodents in Colorado.. Science 1958 Aug 22;128(3321):413.
    pubmed: 13568801doi: 10.1126/science.128.3321.413google scholar: lookup
  177. Hunt AR, Roehrig JT. Biochemical and biological characteristics of epitopes on the E1 glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis virus.. Virology 1985 Apr 30;142(2):334-46.
    pubmed: 2414904doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90342-3google scholar: lookup
  178. CLARKE DH, CASALS J. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1958 Sep;7(5):561-73.
    pubmed: 13571577doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.561google scholar: lookup
  179. Karabatsos N, Poland JD, Emmons RW, Mathews JH, Calisher CH, Wolff KL. Antigenic variants of Colorado tick fever virus.. J Gen Virol 1987 May;68 ( Pt 5):1463-9.
    pubmed: 3572369doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-5-1463google scholar: lookup
  180. Nasci RS, Berry RL, Restifo RA, Parsons MA, Smith GC, Martin DA. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Ohio during 1991.. J Med Entomol 1993 Jan;30(1):217-22.
    pubmed: 8094461doi: 10.1093/jmedent/30.1.217google scholar: lookup
  181. Roehrig JT, Hunt AR, Chang GJ, Sheik B, Bolin RA, Tsai TF, Trent DW. Identification of monoclonal antibodies capable of differentiating antigenic varieties of eastern equine encephalitis viruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990 Apr;42(4):394-8.
    pubmed: 2158755doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.394google scholar: lookup
  182. EKLUND CM, KOHLS GM, BRENNAN JM. Distribution of Colorado tick fever and virus-carrying ticks.. J Am Med Assoc 1955 Jan 22;157(4):335-7.
    pubmed: 13221421doi: 10.1001/jama.1955.02950210031010google scholar: lookup
  183. BURGDORFER W, EKLUND CM. Studies of the ecology of Colorado tick fever virus in Western Montana.. Am J Hyg 1959 Mar;69(2):127-37.
    pubmed: 13626952doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119986google scholar: lookup
  184. Watts DM, Pantuwatana S, DeFoliart GR, Yuill TM, Thompson WH. Transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus (California encephalitis group) in the mosquito, Aedes triseriatus.. Science 1973 Dec 14;182(4117):1140-1.
    pubmed: 4750609doi: 10.1126/science.182.4117.1140google scholar: lookup
  185. Main AJ, Anderson KS, Maxfield HK, Rosenau B, Oliver C. Duration of Alphavirus neutralizing antibody in naturally infected birds.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Jan;38(1):208-17.
    pubmed: 2829638doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.208google scholar: lookup
  186. HAMMON WM, REEVES WC. California encephalitis virus, a newly described agent.. Calif Med 1952 Nov;77(5):303-9.
    pubmed: 13009479
  187. Burton AN, McLintock J, Rempel JG. Western equine encephalitis virus in Saskatchewan garter snakes and leopard frogs.. Science 1966 Nov 25;154(3752):1029-31.
    pubmed: 5919753doi: 10.1126/science.154.3752.1029google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 124 times.
  1. Faw LR, Riley J, Eastwood G. La Crosse Virus Circulation in Virginia, Assessed via Serosurveillance in Wildlife Species.. Infect Dis Rep 2023 Jun 30;15(4):360-369.
    doi: 10.3390/idr15040036pubmed: 37489390google scholar: lookup
  2. Varghese J, De Silva I, Millar DS. Latest Advances in Arbovirus Diagnostics.. Microorganisms 2023 Apr 28;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051159pubmed: 37317133google scholar: lookup
  3. Wilkman L, Ahlm C, Evander M, Lwande OW. Mosquito-borne viruses causing human disease in Fennoscandia-Past, current, and future perspectives.. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023;10:1152070.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1152070pubmed: 37051217google scholar: lookup
  4. Bakran-Lebl K, Kju00e6r LJ, Conrady B. Predicting Culex pipiens/restuans Population Dynamics Using a Weather-Driven Dynamic Compartmental Population Model.. Insects 2023 Mar 17;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/insects14030293pubmed: 36975978google scholar: lookup
  5. Ogorek TJ, Golden JE. Advances in the Development of Small Molecule Antivirals against Equine Encephalitic Viruses.. Viruses 2023 Feb 1;15(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v15020413pubmed: 36851628google scholar: lookup
  6. Martin NM, Griffin DE. Effect of IL-10 Deficiency on TGFu03b2 Expression during Fatal Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis in C57Bl/6 Mice.. Viruses 2022 Aug 16;14(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v14081791pubmed: 36016413google scholar: lookup
  7. Peach DAH, Matthews BJ. The Invasive Mosquitoes of Canada: An Entomological, Medical, and Veterinary Review.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022 Aug 17;107(2):231-244.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0167pubmed: 35895394google scholar: lookup
  8. Haikerwal A, Barrera MD, Bhalla N, Zhou W, Boghdeh N, Anderson C, Alem F, Narayanan A. Inhibition of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Using Small Interfering RNAs.. Viruses 2022 Jul 26;14(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v14081628pubmed: 35893693google scholar: lookup
  9. Barber RM, Li Q, Levine JM, Ruone SJ, Levine GJ, Kenny P, Tong S, Schatzberg SJ. Screening for Viral Nucleic Acids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs With Central Nervous System Inflammation.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:850510.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.850510pubmed: 35400093google scholar: lookup
  10. Tang X, Sedda L, Brown HE. Predicting eastern equine encephalitis spread in North America: An ecological study.. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2021;1:100064.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100064pubmed: 35284888google scholar: lookup
  11. Wang M, Sun Z, Cui C, Wang S, Yang D, Shi Z, Wei X, Wang P, Sun W, Zhu J, Li J, Du B, Liu Z, Wei L, Liu C, He X, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang J. Structural Insights into Alphavirus Assembly Revealed by the Cryo-EM Structure of Getah Virus.. Viruses 2022 Feb 5;14(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v14020327pubmed: 35215918google scholar: lookup
  12. Ojha D, Winkler CW, Leung JM, Woods TA, Chen CZ, Nair V, Taylor K, Yeh CD, Tawa GJ, Larson CL, Zheng W, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Rottlerin inhibits La Crosse virus-induced encephalitis in mice and blocks release of replicating virus from the Golgi body in neurons.. Nat Microbiol 2021 Nov;6(11):1398-1409.
    doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00968-ypubmed: 34675384google scholar: lookup
  13. Calvert AE, Bennett SL, Hunt AR, Fong RH, Doranz BJ, Roehrig JT, Blair CD. Exposing cryptic epitopes on the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E1 glycoprotein prior to treatment with alphavirus cross-reactive monoclonal antibody allows blockage of replication early in infection.. Virology 2022 Jan 2;565:13-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.09.007pubmed: 34626907google scholar: lookup
  14. Brown SC, Cormier J, Tuan J, Lier AJ, McGuone D, Armstrong PM, Kaddouh F, Parikh S, Landry ML, Gobeske KT. Four Human Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Connecticut, USA, during a Larger Regional Outbreak, 2019.. Emerg Infect Dis 2021 Aug;27(8):2042-51.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2708.203730pubmed: 34289334google scholar: lookup
  15. Vahey GM, Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Hills SL. La Crosse Virus Disease in the United States, 2003-2019.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021 Jul 19;105(3):807-812.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0294pubmed: 34280142google scholar: lookup
  16. LaPointe AT, Sokoloski KJ. De-Coding the Contributions of the Viral RNAs to Alphaviral Pathogenesis.. Pathogens 2021 Jun 19;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060771pubmed: 34205345google scholar: lookup
  17. Cook C, Blesi A, Brozak S, Lenhart S, Reed H, Urquhart C, Moncayo A, Trout Fryxell R. La Crosse virus spread within the mosquito population in Knox County, TN.. PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0249811.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249811pubmed: 33861763google scholar: lookup
  18. Landers VD, Wilkey DW, Merchant ML, Mitchell TC, Sokoloski KJ. The Alphaviral Capsid Protein Inhibits IRAK1-Dependent TLR Signaling.. Viruses 2021 Feb 27;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/v13030377pubmed: 33673546google scholar: lookup
  19. LaPointe AT, Landers VD, Westcott CE, Sokoloski KJ. Production of Noncapped Genomic RNAs Is Critical to Sindbis Virus Disease and Pathogenicity.. mBio 2020 Dec 1;11(6).
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.02675-20pubmed: 33262258google scholar: lookup
  20. Piantadosi A, Kanjilal S. Diagnostic Approach for Arboviral Infections in the United States.. J Clin Microbiol 2020 Nov 18;58(12).
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.01926-19pubmed: 32938736google scholar: lookup
  21. Gebhart NN, Hardy RW, Sokoloski KJ. Comparative analyses of alphaviral RNA:Protein complexes reveals conserved host-pathogen interactions.. PLoS One 2020;15(8):e0238254.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238254pubmed: 32841293google scholar: lookup
  22. Baxter VK, Heise MT. Immunopathogenesis of alphaviruses.. Adv Virus Res 2020;107:315-382.
    doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.002pubmed: 32711733google scholar: lookup
  23. More S, Bu00f8tner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortu00e1zar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltru00e1n-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) Nou00a02016/429): equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western).. EFSA J 2017 Jul;15(7):e04946.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4946pubmed: 32625598google scholar: lookup
  24. Sandrock C, Aziz SR. Travel/Tropical Medicine and Pandemic Considerations for the Global Surgeon.. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2020 Aug;32(3):407-425.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2020.05.001pubmed: 32473858google scholar: lookup
  25. Lindsey NP, Martin SW, Staples JE, Fischer M. Notes from the Field: Multistate Outbreak of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus - United States, 2019.. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 Jan 17;69(2):50-51.
    doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6902a4pubmed: 31945032google scholar: lookup
  26. Schoen A, Lau S, Verbruggen P, Weber F. Elongin C Contributes to RNA Polymerase II Degradation by the Interferon Antagonist NSs of La Crosse Orthobunyavirus.. J Virol 2020 Mar 17;94(7).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02134-19pubmed: 31941775google scholar: lookup
  27. Jonsson CB, Cao X, Lee J, Gabbard JD, Chu YK, Fitzpatrick EA, Julander J, Chung DH, Stabenow J, Golden JE. Efficacy of a ML336 derivative against Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses.. Antiviral Res 2019 Jul;167:25-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.004pubmed: 30970271google scholar: lookup
  28. Heberlein-Larson LA, Tan Y, Stark LM, Cannons AC, Shilts MH, Unnasch TR, Das SR. Complex Epidemiological Dynamics of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Florida.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 May;100(5):1266-1274.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0783pubmed: 30860014google scholar: lookup
  29. Monette A, Mouland AJ. T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders.. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2019;342:175-263.
    doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006pubmed: 30635091google scholar: lookup
  30. Kemenesi G, Bu00e1nyai K. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses, with a Focus on Powassan Virus.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019 Jan;32(1).
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00106-17pubmed: 30541872google scholar: lookup
  31. LaPointe AT, Moreno-Contreras J, Sokoloski KJ. Increasing the Capping Efficiency of the Sindbis Virus nsP1 Protein Negatively Affects Viral Infection.. mBio 2018 Dec 11;9(6).
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.02342-18pubmed: 30538185google scholar: lookup
  32. Kolawole OM, Seriki AA, Irekeola AA, Ogah JI. The Neglect and Fast Spread of Some Arboviruses: A Note for Healthcare Providers in Nigeria.. Diseases 2018 Nov 5;6(4).
    doi: 10.3390/diseases6040099pubmed: 30400643google scholar: lookup
  33. Dunlop JI, Szemiel AM, Navarro A, Wilkie GS, Tong L, Modha S, Mair D, Sreenu VB, Da Silva Filipe A, Li P, Huang YS, Brennan B, Hughes J, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Elliott RM, Kohl A. Development of reverse genetics systems and investigation of host response antagonism and reassortment potential for Cache Valley and Kairi viruses, two emerging orthobunyaviruses of the Americas.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 Oct;12(10):e0006884.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006884pubmed: 30372452google scholar: lookup
  34. Sukhralia S, Verma M, Gopirajan S, Dhanaraj PS, Lal R, Mehla N, Kant CR. From dengue to Zika: the wide spread of mosquito-borne arboviruses.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Jan;38(1):3-14.
    doi: 10.1007/s10096-018-3375-7pubmed: 30267170google scholar: lookup
  35. Baxter VK, Heise MT. Genetic control of alphavirus pathogenesis.. Mamm Genome 2018 Aug;29(7-8):408-424.
    doi: 10.1007/s00335-018-9776-1pubmed: 30151711google scholar: lookup
  36. Dupuy LC, Richards MJ, Livingston BD, Hannaman D, Schmaljohn CS. A Multiagent Alphavirus DNA Vaccine Delivered by Intramuscular Electroporation Elicits Robust and Durable Virus-Specific Immune Responses in Mice and Rabbits and Completely Protects Mice against Lethal Venezuelan, Western, and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Aerosol Challenges.. J Immunol Res 2018;2018:8521060.
    doi: 10.1155/2018/8521060pubmed: 29967804google scholar: lookup
  37. Rocheleau JP, Michel P, Lindsay LR, Drebot M, Dibernardo A, Ogden NH, Fortin A, Arsenault J. Risk factors associated with seropositivity to California serogroup viruses in humans and pet dogs, Quebec, Canada.. Epidemiol Infect 2018 Jul;146(9):1167-1176.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268818001000pubmed: 29716671google scholar: lookup
  38. Fassbinder-Orth CA, Killpack TL, Goto DS, Rainwater EL, Shearn-Bochsler VI. High costs of infection: Alphavirus infection reduces digestive function and bone and feather growth in nestling house sparrows (Passer domesticus).. PLoS One 2018;13(4):e0195467.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195467pubmed: 29624598google scholar: lookup
  39. Dalpiaz A, Pavan B. Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: A Way to Overcome Their Active Efflux?. Pharmaceutics 2018 Mar 26;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020039pubmed: 29587409google scholar: lookup
  40. Burke CW, Froude JW, Miethe S, Hu00fclseweh B, Hust M, Glass PJ. Human-Like Neutralizing Antibodies Protect Mice from Aerosol Exposure with Western Equine Encephalitis Virus.. Viruses 2018 Mar 24;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v10040147pubmed: 29587363google scholar: lookup
  41. Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Fischer M. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the United States, 2003-2016.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018 May;98(5):1472-1477.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0927pubmed: 29557336google scholar: lookup
  42. LaPointe AT, Gebhart NN, Meller ME, Hardy RW, Sokoloski KJ. Identification and Characterization of Sindbis Virus RNA-Host Protein Interactions.. J Virol 2018 Apr 1;92(7).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02171-17pubmed: 29321325google scholar: lookup
  43. Rocheleau JP, Michel P, Lindsay LR, Drebot M, Dibernardo A, Ogden NH, Fortin A, Arsenault J. Characterizing environmental risk factors for West Nile virus in Quebec, Canada, using clinical data in humans and serology in pet dogs.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Oct;145(13):2797-2807.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268817001625pubmed: 28835296google scholar: lookup
  44. Pedersen K, Wang E, Weaver SC, Wolf PC, Randall AR, Van Why KR, Travassos Da Rosa APA, Gidlewski T. Serologic Evidence of Various Arboviruses Detected in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017 Aug;97(2):319-323.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0180pubmed: 28722628google scholar: lookup
  45. Sokoloski KJ, Nease LM, May NA, Gebhart NN, Jones CE, Morrison TE, Hardy RW. Identification of Interactions between Sindbis Virus Capsid Protein and Cytoplasmic vRNA as Novel Virulence Determinants.. PLoS Pathog 2017 Jun;13(6):e1006473.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006473pubmed: 28662211google scholar: lookup
  46. Rocheleau JP, Arsenault J, Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Drebot M, Michel P. Characterizing areas of potential human exposure to eastern equine encephalitis virus using serological and clinical data from horses.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Mar;145(4):667-677.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268816002661pubmed: 27903326google scholar: lookup
  47. Bewick S, Agusto F, Calabrese JM, Muturi EJ, Fagan WF. Epidemiology of La Crosse Virus Emergence, Appalachia Region, United States.. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Nov;22(11):1921-1929.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2211.160308pubmed: 27767009google scholar: lookup
  48. Pedersen K, Marks DR, Wang E, Eastwood G, Weaver SC, Goldstein SM, Sinnett DR, DeLiberto TJ. Widespread Detection of Antibodies to Eastern Equine Encephalitis, West Nile, St. Louis Encephalitis, and Turlock Viruses in Various Species of Wild Birds from Across the United States.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016 Jul 6;95(1):206-11.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0840pubmed: 27162269google scholar: lookup
  49. Shaffner J, Jones TF, Moncayo AC. Challenges to Arboviral Surveillance in Tennessee: Health-Care Providers' Attitudes and Behaviors.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016 Jun 1;94(6):1330-5.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0493pubmed: 27022148google scholar: lookup
  50. Honnold SP, Mossel EC, Bakken RR, Lind CM, Cohen JW, Eccleston LT, Spurgers KB, Erwin-Cohen R, Glass PJ, Maheshwari RK. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice II: pathogenesis is dependent on route of exposure.. Virol J 2015 Sep 30;12:154.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0385-2pubmed: 26423229google scholar: lookup
  51. Honnold SP, Mossel EC, Bakken RR, Fisher D, Lind CM, Cohen JW, Eccleston LT, Spurgers KB, Erwin-Cohen R, Bradfute SB, Maheshwari RK, Glass PJ. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice I: clinical course and outcome are dependent on route of exposure.. Virol J 2015 Sep 29;12:152.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0386-1pubmed: 26420265google scholar: lookup
  52. Liang G, Gao X, Gould EA. Factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015 Mar;4(3):e18.
    doi: 10.1038/emi.2015.18pubmed: 26038768google scholar: lookup
  53. Hontz RD, Guevara C, Halsey ES, Silvas J, Santiago FW, Widen SG, Wood TG, Casanova W, Vasilakis N, Watts DM, Kochel TJ, Ebihara H, Aguilar PV. Itaya virus, a Novel Orthobunyavirus Associated with Human Febrile Illness, Peru.. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 May;21(5):781-8.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2105.141368pubmed: 25898901google scholar: lookup
  54. Horne KM, Vanlandingham DL. Bunyavirus-vector interactions.. Viruses 2014 Nov 13;6(11):4373-97.
    doi: 10.3390/v6114373pubmed: 25402172google scholar: lookup
  55. Blakely PK, Delekta PC, Miller DJ, Irani DN. Manipulation of host factors optimizes the pathogenesis of western equine encephalitis virus infections in mice for antiviral drug development.. J Neurovirol 2015 Feb;21(1):43-55.
    doi: 10.1007/s13365-014-0297-8pubmed: 25361697google scholar: lookup
  56. Schroeder CE, Yao T, Sotsky J, Smith RA, Roy S, Chu YK, Guo H, Tower NA, Noah JW, McKellip S, Sosa M, Rasmussen L, Smith LH, White EL, Aubu00e9 J, Jonsson CB, Chung D, Golden JE. Development of (E)-2-((1,4-dimethylpiperazin-2-ylidene)amino)-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide, ML336: Novel 2-amidinophenylbenzamides as potent inhibitors of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.. J Med Chem 2014 Oct 23;57(20):8608-21.
    doi: 10.1021/jm501203vpubmed: 25244572google scholar: lookup
  57. Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012.. Pediatrics 2014 Sep;134(3):e642-50.
    doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-0498pubmed: 25113294google scholar: lookup
  58. Sejvar J. Neuroepidemiology and the epidemiology of viral infections of the nervous system.. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;123:67-87.
    doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00003-1pubmed: 25015481google scholar: lookup
  59. Wolfe DN, Heppner DG, Gardner SN, Jaing C, Dupuy LC, Schmaljohn CS, Carlton K. Current strategic thinking for the development of a trivalent alphavirus vaccine for human use.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep;91(3):442-50.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0055pubmed: 24842880google scholar: lookup
  60. Hu00fclseweh B, Ru00fclker T, Pelat T, Langermann C, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T, Du00fcbel S, Thullier P, Hust M. Human-like antibodies neutralizing Western equine encephalitis virus.. MAbs 2014 May-Jun;6(3):718-27.
    doi: 10.4161/mabs.28170pubmed: 24518197google scholar: lookup
  61. Go YY, Balasuriya UB, Lee CK. Zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses.. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014 Jan;3(1):58-77.
    doi: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.1.58pubmed: 24427764google scholar: lookup
  62. Roehrig JT. West nile virus in the United States - a historical perspective.. Viruses 2013 Dec 10;5(12):3088-108.
    doi: 10.3390/v5123088pubmed: 24335779google scholar: lookup
  63. Taylor KG, Peterson KE. Innate immune response to La Crosse virus infection.. J Neurovirol 2014 Apr;20(2):150-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s13365-013-0186-6pubmed: 23846288google scholar: lookup
  64. Lwande OW, Lutomiah J, Obanda V, Gakuya F, Mutisya J, Mulwa F, Michuki G, Chepkorir E, Fischer A, Venter M, Sang R. Isolation of tick and mosquito-borne arboviruses from ticks sampled from livestock and wild animal hosts in Ijara District, Kenya.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Sep;13(9):637-42.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1190pubmed: 23805790google scholar: lookup
  65. Lebl K, Brugger K, Rubel F. Predicting Culex pipiens/restuans population dynamics by interval lagged weather data.. Parasit Vectors 2013 May 2;6:129.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-129pubmed: 23634763google scholar: lookup
  66. Fassbinder-Orth CA, Barak VA, Brown CR. Immune responses of a native and an invasive bird to Buggy Creek Virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) and its arthropod vector, the swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius).. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e58045.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058045pubmed: 23460922google scholar: lookup
  67. Silverman MA, Misasi J, Smole S, Feldman HA, Cohen AB, Santagata S, McManus M, Ahmed AA. Eastern equine encephalitis in children, Massachusetts and New Hampshire,USA, 1970-2010.. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Feb;19(2):194-201; quiz 352.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1902.120039pubmed: 23343480google scholar: lookup
  68. Phillips AT, Stauft CB, Aboellail TA, Toth AM, Jarvis DL, Powers AM, Olson KE. Bioluminescent imaging and histopathologic characterization of WEEV neuroinvasion in outbred CD-1 mice.. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e53462.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053462pubmed: 23301074google scholar: lookup
  69. Metcalf TU, Baxter VK, Nilaratanakul V, Griffin DE. Recruitment and retention of B cells in the central nervous system in response to alphavirus encephalomyelitis.. J Virol 2013 Mar;87(5):2420-9.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01769-12pubmed: 23255791google scholar: lookup
  70. Berl E, Eisen RJ, MacMillan K, Swope BN, Saxton-Shaw KD, Graham AC, Turmel JP, Mutebi JP. Serological evidence for eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Vermont, 2010.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Jan;88(1):103-7.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0236pubmed: 23208886google scholar: lookup
  71. Reusken C, van den Wijngaard C, van Beek P, Beer M, Bouwstra R, Godeke GJ, Isken L, van den Kerkhof H, van Pelt W, van der Poel W, Reimerink J, Schielen P, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Vellema P, de Vries A, Wouters I, Koopmans M. Lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission of Schmallenberg virus.. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Nov;18(11):1746-54.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1811.120650pubmed: 23092696google scholar: lookup
  72. Anderson JF, Armstrong PM. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Powassan virus strains infecting Ixodes scapularis in Connecticut.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct;87(4):754-9.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0294pubmed: 22890037google scholar: lookup
  73. Leisnham PT, Juliano SA. Impacts of climate, land use, and biological invasion on the ecology of immature Aedes mosquitoes: implications for La Crosse emergence.. Ecohealth 2012 Jun;9(2):217-28.
    doi: 10.1007/s10393-012-0773-7pubmed: 22692799google scholar: lookup
  74. Santiago-Alarcon D, Havelka P, Schaefer HM, Segelbacher G. Bloodmeal analysis reveals avian Plasmodium infections and broad host preferences of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vectors.. PLoS One 2012;7(2):e31098.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031098pubmed: 22363557google scholar: lookup
  75. Bennett RS, Gresko AK, Nelson JT, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS. A recombinant chimeric La Crosse virus expressing the surface glycoproteins of Jamestown Canyon virus is immunogenic and protective against challenge with either parental virus in mice or monkeys.. J Virol 2012 Jan;86(1):420-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02327-10pubmed: 22013033google scholar: lookup
  76. Elliott RM, Weber F. Bunyaviruses and the type I interferon system.. Viruses 2009 Dec;1(3):1003-21.
    doi: 10.3390/v1031003pubmed: 21994579google scholar: lookup
  77. Haddow AD, Bixler D, Schuh AJ. The demographic and socioeconomic factors predictive for populations at high-risk for La Crosse virus infection in West Virginia.. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e25739.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025739pubmed: 21980533google scholar: lookup
  78. Leisnham PT, Sandoval-Mohapatra S. Mosquitoes associated with ditch-plugged and control tidal salt marshes on the Delmarva Peninsula.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011 Aug;8(8):3099-113.
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph8083099pubmed: 21909293google scholar: lookup
  79. Metcalf TU, Griffin DE. Alphavirus-induced encephalomyelitis: antibody-secreting cells and viral clearance from the nervous system.. J Virol 2011 Nov;85(21):11490-501.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.05379-11pubmed: 21865385google scholar: lookup
  80. Haddow AD, Bixler D, Odoi A. The spatial epidemiology and clinical features of reported cases of La Crosse virus infection in West Virginia from 2003 to 2007.. BMC Infect Dis 2011 Jan 26;11:29.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-29pubmed: 21269495google scholar: lookup
  81. Hunt AR, Frederickson S, Maruyama T, Roehrig JT, Blair CD. The first human epitope map of the alphaviral E1 and E2 proteins reveals a new E2 epitope with significant virus neutralizing activity.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 Jul 13;4(7):e739.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000739pubmed: 20644615google scholar: lookup
  82. Gao X, Nasci R, Liang G. The neglected arboviral infections in mainland China.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 Apr 27;4(4):e624.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000624pubmed: 20436960google scholar: lookup
  83. Griffin DE. Recovery from viral encephalomyelitis: immune-mediated noncytolytic virus clearance from neurons.. Immunol Res 2010 Jul;47(1-3):123-33.
    doi: 10.1007/s12026-009-8143-4pubmed: 20087684google scholar: lookup
  84. Reese SM, Beaty MK, Gabitzsch ES, Blair CD, Beaty BJ. Aedes triseriatus females transovarially infected with La Crosse virus mate more efficiently than uninfected mosquitoes.. J Med Entomol 2009 Sep;46(5):1152-8.
    doi: 10.1603/033.046.0524pubmed: 19769048google scholar: lookup
  85. Wang H, Nattanmai S, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, Tavakoli NP. A duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of California serogroup and Cache Valley viruses.. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 Oct;65(2):150-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.07.001pubmed: 19748425google scholar: lookup
  86. Haddow AD, Jones CJ, Odoi A. Assessing risk in focal arboviral infections: are we missing the big or little picture?. PLoS One 2009 Sep 9;4(9):e6954.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006954pubmed: 19742311google scholar: lookup
  87. Haddow AD, Odoi A. The incidence risk, clustering, and clinical presentation of La Crosse virus infections in the eastern United States, 2003-2007.. PLoS One 2009 Jul 3;4(7):e6145.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006145pubmed: 19582158google scholar: lookup
  88. Rochlin I, Iwanejko T, Dempsey ME, Ninivaggi DV. Geostatistical evaluation of integrated marsh management impact on mosquito vectors using before-after-control-impact (BACI) design.. Int J Health Geogr 2009 Jun 23;8:35.
    doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-8-35pubmed: 19549297google scholar: lookup
  89. Park E, Griffin DE. Interaction of Sindbis virus non-structural protein 3 with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in neuronal cells.. J Gen Virol 2009 Sep;90(Pt 9):2073-80.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.012682-0pubmed: 19515826google scholar: lookup
  90. Julander JG, Smee DF, Morrey JD, Furuta Y. Effect of T-705 treatment on western equine encephalitis in a mouse model.. Antiviral Res 2009 Jun;82(3):169-71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.201pubmed: 19428608google scholar: lookup
  91. Park E, Griffin DE. The nsP3 macro domain is important for Sindbis virus replication in neurons and neurovirulence in mice.. Virology 2009 Jun 5;388(2):305-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.031pubmed: 19395054google scholar: lookup
  92. Ryan CP. Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism.. Public Health Rep 2008 May-Jun;123(3):276-81.
    doi: 10.1177/003335490812300308pubmed: 19006970google scholar: lookup
  93. Hull R, Nattanmai S, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, Tavakoli NP. A duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses.. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008 Nov;62(3):272-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.07.004pubmed: 18715737google scholar: lookup
  94. Julander JG, Bowen RA, Rao JR, Day C, Shafer K, Smee DF, Morrey JD, Chu CK. Treatment of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection with (-)-carbodine.. Antiviral Res 2008 Dec;80(3):309-15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.07.002pubmed: 18675850google scholar: lookup
  95. Davis LE, Beckham JD, Tyler KL. North American encephalitic arboviruses.. Neurol Clin 2008 Aug;26(3):727-57, ix.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.03.012pubmed: 18657724google scholar: lookup
  96. Bennett RS, Cress CM, Ward JM, Firestone CY, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS. La Crosse virus infectivity, pathogenesis, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys.. Virol J 2008 Feb 11;5:25.
    doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-25pubmed: 18267012google scholar: lookup
  97. Hammamieh R, Barmada M, Ludwig G, Peel S, Koterski N, Jett M. Blood genomic profiles of exposures to Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis).. Virol J 2007 Aug 29;4:82.
    doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-82pubmed: 17727720google scholar: lookup
  98. Bloch KC, Glaser C. Diagnostic approaches for patients with suspected encephalitis.. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2007 Jul;9(4):315-22.
    doi: 10.1007/s11908-007-0049-5pubmed: 17618552google scholar: lookup
  99. Bennett RS, Ton DR, Hanson CT, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS. Genome sequence analysis of La Crosse virus and in vitro and in vivo phenotypes.. Virol J 2007 May 8;4:41.
    doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-41pubmed: 17488515google scholar: lookup
  100. Blakqori G, Delhaye S, Habjan M, Blair CD, Su00e1nchez-Vargas I, Olson KE, Attarzadeh-Yazdi G, Fragkoudis R, Kohl A, Kalinke U, Weiss S, Michiels T, Staeheli P, Weber F. La Crosse bunyavirus nonstructural protein NSs serves to suppress the type I interferon system of mammalian hosts.. J Virol 2007 May;81(10):4991-9.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01933-06pubmed: 17344298google scholar: lookup
  101. Julander JG, Siddharthan V, Blatt LM, Schafer K, Sidwell RW, Morrey JD. Effect of exogenous interferon and an interferon inducer on western equine encephalitis virus disease in a hamster model.. Virology 2007 Apr 10;360(2):454-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.031pubmed: 17118420google scholar: lookup
  102. Gu00fcnther G, Haglund M. Tick-borne encephalopathies : epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.. CNS Drugs 2005;19(12):1009-32.
    doi: 10.2165/00023210-200519120-00004pubmed: 16332143google scholar: lookup
  103. Blakqori G, Weber F. Efficient cDNA-based rescue of La Crosse bunyaviruses expressing or lacking the nonstructural protein NSs.. J Virol 2005 Aug;79(16):10420-8.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.16.10420-10428.2005pubmed: 16051834google scholar: lookup
  104. Allain JP, Bianco C, Blajchman MA, Brecher ME, Busch M, Leiby D, Lin L, Stramer S. Protecting the blood supply from emerging pathogens: the role of pathogen inactivation.. Transfus Med Rev 2005 Apr;19(2):110-26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2004.11.005pubmed: 15852240google scholar: lookup
  105. Lambert AJ, Nasci RS, Cropp BC, Martin DA, Rose BC, Russell BJ, Lanciotti RS. Nucleic acid amplification assays for detection of La Crosse virus RNA.. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Apr;43(4):1885-9.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.4.1885-1889.2005pubmed: 15815013google scholar: lookup
  106. Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Freier JE, Cordova D, Clements T, Moncayo A, Kang W, Gomez-Hernandez C, Rodriguez-Dominguez G, Ludwig GV, Weaver SC. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern Mexico.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Dec;10(12):2113-21.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040393pubmed: 15663847google scholar: lookup
  107. Vogel P, Kell WM, Fritz DL, Parker MD, Schoepp RJ. Early events in the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice.. Am J Pathol 2005 Jan;166(1):159-71.
    doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62241-9pubmed: 15632009google scholar: lookup
  108. Muerhoff AS, Dawson GJ, Dille B, Gutierrez R, Leary TP, Gupta MC, Kyrk CR, Kapoor H, Clark P, Schochetman G, Desai SM. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant envelope protein expressed in COS-1 and Drosophila S2 cells for detection of West Nile virus immunoglobulin M in serum or cerebrospinal fluid.. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004 Jul;11(4):651-7.
    doi: 10.1128/CDLI.11.4.651-657.2004pubmed: 15242936google scholar: lookup
  109. Weidmann M, Rudaz V, Nunes MR, Vasconcelos PF, Hufert FT. Rapid detection of human pathogenic orthobunyaviruses.. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):3299-305.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3299-3305.2003pubmed: 12843078google scholar: lookup
  110. Spinsanti L, Basquiera AL, Bulacio S, Somale V, Kim SC, Ru00e9 V, Rabbat D, Zu00e1rate A, Zlocowski JC, Mayor CQ, Contigiani M, Palacio S. St. Louis encephalitis in Argentina: the first case reported in the last seventeen years.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Feb;9(2):271-3.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0902.020301pubmed: 12604006google scholar: lookup
  111. Franklin RP, Kinde H, Jay MT, Kramer LD, Green EG, Chiles RE, Ostlund E, Husted S, Smith J, Parker MD. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from California.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Mar;8(3):283-8.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0803.010199pubmed: 11927026google scholar: lookup
  112. Kochs G, Janzen C, Hohenberg H, Haller O. Antivirally active MxA protein sequesters La Crosse virus nucleocapsid protein into perinuclear complexes.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Mar 5;99(5):3153-8.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.052430399pubmed: 11880649google scholar: lookup
  113. Gubler DJ, Reiter P, Ebi KL, Yap W, Nasci R, Patz JA. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases.. Environ Health Perspect 2001 May;109 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):223-33.
    doi: 10.1289/ehp.109-1240669pubmed: 11359689google scholar: lookup
  114. Gholam BI, Puksa S, Provias JP. Powassan encephalitis: a case report with neuropathology and literature review.. CMAJ 1999 Nov 30;161(11):1419-22.
    pubmed: 10906899
  115. Hefti HP, Frese M, Landis H, Di Paolo C, Aguzzi A, Haller O, Pavlovic J. Human MxA protein protects mice lacking a functional alpha/beta interferon system against La crosse virus and other lethal viral infections.. J Virol 1999 Aug;73(8):6984-91.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.8.6984-6991.1999pubmed: 10400797google scholar: lookup
  116. Chandler LJ, Borucki MK, Dobie DK, Wasieloski LP, Thompson WH, Gundersen CB, Case K, Beaty BJ. Characterization of La Crosse virus RNA in autopsied central nervous system tissues.. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Nov;36(11):3332-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.11.3332-3336.1998pubmed: 9774588google scholar: lookup
  117. Brodie SJ, Wilson WC, O'Hearn PM, Muthui D, Diem K, Pearson LD. The effects of pharmacological and lentivirus-induced immune suppression on orbivirus pathogenesis: assessment of virus burden in blood monocytes and tissues by reverse transcription-in situ PCR.. J Virol 1998 Jul;72(7):5599-609.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.7.5599-5609.1998pubmed: 9621018google scholar: lookup
  118. Brodie SJ, Bardsley KD, Diem K, Mecham JO, Norelius SE, Wilson WC. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease: analysis of tissues by amplification and in situ hybridization reveals widespread orbivirus infection at low copy numbers.. J Virol 1998 May;72(5):3863-71.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.5.3863-3871.1998pubmed: 9557671google scholar: lookup
  119. Karpf AR, Lenches E, Strauss EG, Strauss JH, Brown DT. Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus.. J Virol 1997 Sep;71(9):7119-23.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.9.7119-7123.1997pubmed: 9261447google scholar: lookup
  120. Dobie DK, Blair CD, Chandler LJ, Rayms-Keller A, McGaw MM, Wasieloski LP, Beaty BJ. Analysis of LaCrosse virus S mRNA 5' termini in infected mosquito cells and Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes.. J Virol 1997 Jun;71(6):4395-9.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.6.4395-4399.1997pubmed: 9151829google scholar: lookup
  121. Chandler LJ, Wasieloski LP, Blair CD, Beaty BJ. Analysis of La Crosse virus S-segment RNA and its positive-sense transcripts in persistently infected mosquito tissues.. J Virol 1996 Dec;70(12):8972-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.12.8972-8976.1996pubmed: 8971026google scholar: lookup
  122. Kuno G, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJ, Smith GC. Detecting bunyaviruses of the Bunyamwera and California serogroups by a PCR technique.. J Clin Microbiol 1996 May;34(5):1184-8.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.34.5.1184-1188.1996pubmed: 8727900google scholar: lookup
  123. Griffin DE. The Gordon Wilson lecture: unique interactions between viruses, neurons and the immune system.. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1996;107:89-98.
    pubmed: 8725563
  124. Black WC, Vanlandingham DL, Sweeney WP, Wasieloski LP, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ. Typing of LaCrosse, snowshoe hare, and Tahyna viruses by analyses of single-strand conformation polymorphisms of the small RNA segments.. J Clin Microbiol 1995 Dec;33(12):3179-82.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.12.3179-3182.1995pubmed: 8586697google scholar: lookup

Secure Payments

PayPal Visa Mastercard American Express

Satisfaction Guarantee

We offer a 60-day guarantee to ensure you are completely satisfied.

Fast & Free Shipping

We provide fast and free shipping on all orders over $40.

Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
<