Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Ohio during 1991.
Abstract: During August and September of 1991, an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus in horses occurred in Wayne and Holmes countries, OH. This was the first recorded epizootic of EEE virus in the state. Twelve horses were confirmed positive for EEE virus through virus isolation or seroconversion, and seven additional horses with compatible symptoms were in close spatial and temporal proximity to the confirmed cases and were presumed to have died from EEE virus. The outbreak was centered around the Killbuck Wildlife Area, a 2,147-ha tract maintained by the state, half of which consists of wooded swamp and marsh. Mosquitoes were collected in upland areas before the epizootic and in the swamp basin at the end of the epizootic to identify the mosquito species involved in EEE virus transmission. We collected and tested 22,095 specimens for the presence of virus. EEE virus was isolated from one pool of the most likely epizootic vector, Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker). The minimum infection rate for EEE virus in this species was 0.1/1,000. Dense populations of Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Culex salinarius Coquillett occurred in the area, but their densities peaked after the epizootic. It is unlikely that these species were involved in epizootic transmission. IgM antibody to EEE virus was detected in three bird species collected in the swamp.
Publication Date: 1993-01-01 PubMed ID: 8094461DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/30.1.217Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Diagnosis
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Disease Prevalence
- Disease Surveillance
- Disease Treatment
- Ecology
- Encephalitis
- Encephalomyelitis
- Epidemiology
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Horses
- Infectious Disease
- Mosquito-borne Diseases
- Public Health
- Vector-borne disease
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Science
- Virus
- Wildlife
Summary
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The research discusses a case of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus outbreak in horses in Ohio in 1991. The study also identifies the mosquito species involved in the virus transmission and traces its impact on local bird species.
Context of the Research
- The research is centered around an outbreak of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus in Wayne and Holmes counties in Ohio in 1991. It was the first ever recorded episode of EEE virus in the region.
- The outbreak primarily affected the horse population where twelve of them tested positive for the virus. In addition to these, seven more horses with similar symptoms were presumed to die from EEE virus.
- The outbreak was concentrated around the Killbuck Wildlife Area, a state-managed property, half of which includes wooded swamp and marsh.
Identification of Carrier Species
- The researchers aimed to identify the mosquito species responsible for the transmission of the EEE virus.
- To do this, they collected mosquito specimens from different areas both before and after the occurrence of the outbreak. In total, they tested around 22,095 specimens for the presence of the virus.
- EEE virus was found in the Coquillettidia perturbans kind of mosquitoes. The infection rate for this species was 0.1/1,000, making it the most likely vector for the epizootic transmission.
- Though there were dense populations of Aedes vexans and Culex salinarius Coquillett in the area, their densities peaked after the outbreak. Hence, they were not considered as potential carriers for the virus.
Impact on Bird Species
- The research also extended their study to the impact of the EEE virus on local bird species.
- They found the IgM antibody to the EEE virus in three bird species present in the swamp. The antibody presence indicated that the birds were exposed to the virus at some point.
In conclusion, the research identified the virus-vector relation and potential hosts for the EEE virus during the 1991 Ohio outbreak. The findings provide a basis for understanding the transmission dynamics of the EEE virus for future preventive measures.
Cite This Article
APA
Nasci RS, Berry RL, Restifo RA, Parsons MA, Smith GC, Martin DA.
(1993).
Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Ohio during 1991.
J Med Entomol, 30(1), 217-222.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.1.217 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80522.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Culicidae / microbiology
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horses
- Insect Vectors / microbiology
- Ohio / epidemiology
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Stobierski MG, Signs K, Dinh E, Cooley TM, Melotti J, Schalow M, Patterson JS, Bolin SR, Walker ED. Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity.. J Med Entomol 2022 Jan 12;59(1):27-40.
- Oliver J, Tan Y, Haight JD, Tober KJ, Gall WK, Zink SD, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Howard JJ, Das SR, Sherwood JA. Spatial and temporal expansions of Eastern equine encephalitis virus and phylogenetic groups isolated from mosquitoes and mammalian cases in New York State from 2013 to 2019.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020 Dec;9(1):1638-1650.
- Oliver J, Lukacik G, Kokas J, Campbell SR, Kramer LD, Sherwood JA, Howard JJ. Twenty years of surveillance for Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in New York State from 1993 to 2012.. Parasit Vectors 2018 Jun 25;11(1):362.
- Lubelczyk C, Mutebi JP, Robinson S, Elias SP, Smith LB, Juris SA, Foss K, Lichtenwalner A, Shively KJ, Hoenig DE, Webber L, Sears S, Smith RP Jr. An epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis virus, Maine, USA in 2009: outbreak description and entomological studies.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Jan;88(1):95-102.
- Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and their role as bridge vectors.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Dec;16(12):1869-74.
- Gu W, Unnasch TR, Katholi CR, Lampman R, Novak RJ. Fundamental issues in mosquito surveillance for arboviral transmission.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008 Aug;102(8):817-22.
- Calisher CH. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116.
- Carman S, Hazlett M, Wilson R, Van Dreumel T, Thomson G, Mullaney T, Mahdy MS. Eastern equine encephalitis in horses in Ontario in 1994.. Can Vet J 1995 Mar;36(3):174.
- Carman PS, Artsob H, Emery S, Maxie MG, Pooley D, Barker IK, Surgeoner GA, Mahdy MS. Eastern equine encephalitis in a horse from southwestern Ontario.. Can Vet J 1995 Mar;36(3):170-2.
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