FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Effect of Intense Exercise on the Level of Bacteroidetes and...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(2); 290; doi: 10.3390/ani11020290

Effect of Intense Exercise on the Level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes Phyla in the Digestive System of Thoroughbred Racehorses.

Abstract: Exercise significantly affects the body of both animals and humans, including the composition of the digestive microbiome. This study aimed to determine the changes in the composition of the most numerous bacterial phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as the level of the family) in the digestive system of horses under the influence of physical effort. The study included a group of 17 Thoroughbred racehorses at the age of 3 years, fed the same forage, from whom feces samples were collected individually before and 48 h after physical effort. The obtained samples were subjected to DNA isolation and RT-PCR analysis. The results showed a significant increase in the level of both phyla after exercise compared to the state before physical effort; there were no such differences in the level of facultative aerobes, i.e., the family (although a decreasing tendency was found after exercise). In addition, the analysis of the level of the studied phyla indicates individual differences in horses' response to the effort.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-01-24 PubMed ID: 33498857PubMed Central: PMC7910997DOI: 10.3390/ani11020290Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper presents a study on the impact of intense physical activity on the composition of the most abundant bacterial phyla named Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, in the digestive system of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Research Objective and Methodology

  • The primary purpose of the research was to observe how intense physical activity could potentially change the composition of the gut’s most populous bacterial phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) in Thoroughbred racehorses.
  • This study encompassed a group of 17 Thoroughbred racehorses, all aged 3 years and fed the same diet.
  • Feces samples were obtained from the horses individually, before and 48 hours after physical exercise.
  • The collected samples were then subjected to DNA isolation and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to measure and compare the bacterial levels before and after physical exertion.

Research Findings

  • The research results disclosed a considerable increase in the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla levels after the horses underwent intense exercise, compared to their levels before the physical exertion.
  • However, there were no observable changes in the levels of the facultative aerobes, belonging to a particular bacterial family, regardless of the downward trend noticed after exercise.
  • The researchers also noted individual differences in horses’ response to the effort, implying that physical exertion affected horses differently, resulting in a variance in the level of the studied phyla among the individual subjects.

Conclusion

  • This research significantly contributes to the understanding of how intense exercise influences the composition of the digestive microbiome in Thoroughbred racehorses.
  • The findings might provide valuable insights for horse owners, trainers, and veterinary professionals to optimize their care, training protocols, and dietary planning for racehorses.
  • The observed individual differences underscore the need for personalized monitoring and care approaches for each horse.

Cite This Article

APA
Górniak W, Cholewińska P, Szeligowska N, Wołoszyńska M, Soroko M, Czyż K. (2021). Effect of Intense Exercise on the Level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes Phyla in the Digestive System of Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel), 11(2), 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020290

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
PII: 290

Researcher Affiliations

Górniak, Wanda
  • Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
Cholewińska, Paulina
  • Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
Szeligowska, Natalia
  • Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
Wołoszyńska, Magdalena
  • Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland.
Soroko, Maria
  • Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
Czyż, Katarzyna
  • Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 40 references
  1. Kauter A, Epping L, Semmler T, Antao EM, Kannapin D, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H, Lübke-Becker A, Günther S, Wieler LH, Walther B. The gut microbiome of horses: current research on equine enteral microbiota and future perspectives.. Anim Microbiome 2019 Nov 13;1(1):14.
    doi: 10.1186/s42523-019-0013-3pmc: PMC7807895pubmed: 33499951google scholar: lookup
  2. Costa MC, Weese JS. Understanding the Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018 Apr;34(1):1-12.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.005pubmed: 29402480google scholar: lookup
  3. Cholewińska P, Czyż K, Nowakowski P, Wyrostek A. The microbiome of the digestive system of ruminants - a review.. Anim Health Res Rev 2020 Jun;21(1):3-14.
    doi: 10.1017/S1466252319000069pubmed: 31918781google scholar: lookup
  4. O'Hara E, Neves ALA, Song Y, Guan LL. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cattle Production and Health: Driver or Passenger?. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020 Feb 15;8:199-220.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083952pubmed: 32069435google scholar: lookup
  5. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project.. Nature 2007 Oct 18;449(7164):804-10.
    doi: 10.1038/nature06244pmc: PMC3709439pubmed: 17943116google scholar: lookup
  6. Costa MC, Arroyo LG, Allen-Vercoe E, Stämpfli HR, Kim PT, Sturgeon A, Weese JS. Comparison of the fecal microbiota of healthy horses and horses with colitis by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene.. PLoS One 2012;7(7):e41484.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041484pmc: PMC3409227pubmed: 22859989google scholar: lookup
  7. Van den Berg M, Hoskin SO, Rogers CW, Grinberg A. Fecal pH and microbial populations in thoroughbred horses during transition from pasture to concentrate feeding. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:215–222.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.06.004google scholar: lookup
  8. Warzecha CM, Coverdale JA, Janecka JE, Leatherwood JL, Pinchak WE, Wickersham TA, McCann JC. Influence of short-term dietary starch inclusion on the equine cecal microbiome.. J Anim Sci 2017 Nov;95(11):5077-5090.
    doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1754pmc: PMC6095290pubmed: 29293739google scholar: lookup
  9. Glatter M, Borewicz K, van den Bogert B, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Bochnia M, Greef JM, Bachmann M, Smidt H, Breves G, Zeyner A. Modification of the equine gastrointestinal microbiota by Jerusalem artichoke meal supplementation.. PLoS One 2019;14(8):e0220553.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220553pmc: PMC6687111pubmed: 31393892google scholar: lookup
  10. Costa MC, Stämpfli HR, Arroyo LG, Allen-Vercoe E, Gomes RG, Weese JS. Changes in the equine fecal microbiota associated with the use of systemic antimicrobial drugs.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Feb 3;11:19.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0335-7pmc: PMC4323147pubmed: 25644524google scholar: lookup
  11. Grønvold AM, L'abée-Lund TM, Sørum H, Skancke E, Yannarell AC, Mackie RI. Changes in fecal microbiota of healthy dogs administered amoxicillin.. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010 Feb;71(2):313-26.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00808.xpubmed: 20002181google scholar: lookup
  12. McKeever KH, Lehnhard RA. Physiology of acid base balance and fluid shifts with exercise. In: Hodgson D.R., McKeever K.H., McGowan C.T., editors. The Athletic Horse, Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2014. pp. 69–87.
  13. Rowell LB. Cardiovascular adjustments to thermal stress. In: Shepherd J.T., Abboud F.M., Geiger S.R., editors. Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System. Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow. Volume 11. American Physiology Society; Bethesda, MD, USA: 1983. pp. 967–1023.
  14. Janabi AHD, Biddle AS, Klein DJ, McKeever KH. The effects of acute strenuous exercise on the faecal microbiota in Standardbred racehorses. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2017;13:13–24.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP160030google scholar: lookup
  15. Smith-Slatas CL, Bourque M, Salazar JC. Clostridium septicum infections in children: a case report and review of the literature.. Pediatrics 2006 Apr;117(4):e796-805.
    doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1074pubmed: 16567392google scholar: lookup
  16. Dougal K, de la Fuente G, Harris PA, Girdwood SE, Pinloche E, Newbold CJ. Identification of a core bacterial community within the large intestine of the horse.. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e77660.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077660pmc: PMC3812009pubmed: 24204908google scholar: lookup
  17. Evans CC, LePard KJ, Kwak JW, Stancukas MC, Laskowski S, Dougherty J, Moulton L, Glawe A, Wang Y, Leone V, Antonopoulos DA, Smith D, Chang EB, Ciancio MJ. Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity.. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e92193.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092193pmc: PMC3966766pubmed: 24670791google scholar: lookup
  18. Potera C. Running interference? Exercise and PCB-induced changes in the gut microbiome.. Environ Health Perspect 2013 Jun;121(6):A199.
    doi: 10.1289/ehp.121-a199pmc: PMC3672929pubmed: 23732946google scholar: lookup
  19. Queipo-Ortuño MI, Seoane LM, Murri M, Pardo M, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Cardona F, Casanueva F, Tinahones FJ. Gut microbiota composition in male rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and its association with serum leptin and ghrelin levels.. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e65465.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065465pmc: PMC3665787pubmed: 23724144google scholar: lookup
  20. Santacruz A, Marcos A, Wärnberg J, Martí A, Martin-Matillas M, Campoy C, Moreno LA, Veiga O, Redondo-Figuero C, Garagorri JM, Azcona C, Delgado M, García-Fuentes M, Collado MC, Sanz Y. Interplay between weight loss and gut microbiota composition in overweight adolescents.. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Oct;17(10):1906-15.
    doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.112pubmed: 19390523google scholar: lookup
  21. Allen JM, Berg Miller ME, Pence BD, Whitlock K, Nehra V, Gaskins HR, White BA, Fryer JD, Woods JA. Voluntary and forced exercise differentially alters the gut microbiome in C57BL/6J mice.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015 Apr 15;118(8):1059-66.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2014pubmed: 25678701google scholar: lookup
  22. Lambert JE, Myslicki JP, Bomhof MR, Belke DD, Shearer J, Reimer RA. Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice.. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015 Jul;40(7):749-52.
    doi: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0452pubmed: 25962839google scholar: lookup
  23. Mach N, Ruet A, Clark A, Bars-Cortina D, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Crisci E, Pennarun S, Dhorne-Pollet S, Foury A, Moisan MP, Lansade L. Priming for welfare: gut microbiota is associated with equitation conditions and behavior in horse athletes.. Sci Rep 2020 May 20;10(1):8311.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65444-9pmc: PMC7239938pubmed: 32433513google scholar: lookup
  24. Mitchell CM, Davy BM, Hulver MW, Neilson AP, Bennett BJ, Davy KP. Does Exercise Alter Gut Microbial Composition? A Systematic Review.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019 Jan;51(1):160-167.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001760pubmed: 30157109google scholar: lookup
  25. Proudman CJ, Hunter JO, Darby AC, Escalona EE, Batty C, Turner C. Characterisation of the faecal metabolome and microbiome of Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2015 Sep;47(5):580-6.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12324pubmed: 25041526google scholar: lookup
  26. Almeida ML, Feringer WH Júnior, Carvalho JR, Rodrigues IM, Jordão LR, Fonseca MG, Carneiro de Rezende AS, de Queiroz Neto A, Weese JS, Costa MC, Lemos EG, Ferraz GC. Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies.. PLoS One 2016;11(12):e0167108.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167108pmc: PMC5147854pubmed: 27935992google scholar: lookup
  27. Janabi AHD, Biddle AS, Klein D, McKeever KH. Exercise training-induced changes in the gut microbiota of Standardbred racehorses. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2016;12:119–129.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP160015google scholar: lookup
  28. Mach N, Foury A, Kittelmann S, Reigner F, Moroldo M, Ballester M, Esquerré D, Rivière J, Sallé G, Gérard P, Moisan MP, Lansade L. The Effects of Weaning Methods on Gut Microbiota Composition and Horse Physiology.. Front Physiol 2017;8:535.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00535pmc: PMC5524898pubmed: 28790932google scholar: lookup
  29. Dowd SE, Callaway TR, Wolcott RD, Sun Y, McKeehan T, Hagevoort RG, Edrington TS. Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP).. BMC Microbiol 2008 Jul 24;8:125.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-125pmc: PMC2515157pubmed: 18652685google scholar: lookup
  30. Bacchetti De Gregoris T, Aldred N, Clare AS, Burgess JG. Improvement of phylum- and class-specific primers for real-time PCR quantification of bacterial taxa.. J Microbiol Methods 2011 Sep;86(3):351-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.06.010pubmed: 21704084google scholar: lookup
  31. Walter J, Hertel C, Tannock GW, Lis CM, Munro K, Hammes WP. Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001 Jun;67(6):2578-85.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2578-2585.2001pmc: PMC92910pubmed: 11375166google scholar: lookup
  32. Nieman DC. Does exercise alter immune function and respiratory infections?. Pres. Counc. Phys. Fit. Sports Res. Dig. 2001;3:1–8.
  33. Davis JM, Murphy EA, Brown AS, Carmichael MD, Ghaffar A, Mayer EP. Effects of moderate exercise and oat beta-glucan on innate immune function and susceptibility to respiratory infection.. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004 Feb;286(2):R366-72.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2003pubmed: 14551169google scholar: lookup
  34. Escribano BM, Castejón FM, Vivo R, Santisteban R, Agüera EI, Rubio MD. Effects of training on phagocytic and oxidative metabolism of peripheral neutrophils in horses exercised in the aerobic-anaerobic transition area.. Vet Res Commun 2005 Feb;29(2):149-58.
    doi: 10.1023/B:VERC.0000047494.29439.23pubmed: 15730139google scholar: lookup
  35. Raidal SL, Rose RJ, Love DN. Effects of training on resting peripheral blood and BAL-derived leucocyte function in horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):238-43.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249651pubmed: 11352344google scholar: lookup
  36. Plancade S, Clark A, Philippe C, Helbling JC, Moisan MP, Esquerré D, Le Moyec L, Robert C, Barrey E, Mach N. Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology.. Sci Rep 2019 Jul 3;9(1):9620.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46118-7pmc: PMC6610142pubmed: 31270376google scholar: lookup
  37. Mika A, Van Treuren W, González A, Herrera JJ, Knight R, Fleshner M. Exercise is More Effective at Altering Gut Microbial Composition and Producing Stable Changes in Lean Mass in Juvenile versus Adult Male F344 Rats.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125889.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125889pmc: PMC4446322pubmed: 26016739google scholar: lookup
  38. Lima J, Auffret MD, Stewart RD, Dewhurst RJ, Duthie CA, Snelling TJ, Walker AW, Freeman TC, Watson M, Roehe R. Identification of Rumen Microbial Genes Involved in Pathways Linked to Appetite, Growth, and Feed Conversion Efficiency in Cattle.. Front Genet 2019;10:701.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00701pmc: PMC6694183pubmed: 31440274google scholar: lookup
  39. Myer PR, Smith TP, Wells JE, Kuehn LA, Freetly HC. Rumen microbiome from steers differing in feed efficiency.. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0129174.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129174pmc: PMC4451142pubmed: 26030887google scholar: lookup
  40. Li F, Guan LL. Metatranscriptomic Profiling Reveals Linkages between the Active Rumen Microbiome and Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017 May 1;83(9).
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.00061-17pmc: PMC5394315pubmed: 28235871google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Li C, Li X, Guo R, Ni W, Liu K, Liu Z, Dai J, Xu Y, Abduriyim S, Wu Z, Zeng Y, Lei B, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zeng W, Zhang Q, Chen C, Qiao J, Liu C, Hu S. Expanded catalogue of metagenome-assembled genomes reveals resistome characteristics and athletic performance-associated microbes in horse.. Microbiome 2023 Jan 12;11(1):7.
    doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01448-zpubmed: 36631912google scholar: lookup
  2. Lucassen A, Hankel J, Finkler-Schade C, Osbelt L, Strowig T, Visscher C, Schuberth HJ. Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product (Olimond BB) Does Not Alter the Fecal Microbiota of Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 8;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12121496pubmed: 35739833google scholar: lookup
  3. Park T, Yoon J, Kim A, Unno T, Yun Y. Comparison of the Gut Microbiota of Jeju and Thoroughbred Horses in Korea.. Vet Sci 2021 May 11;8(5).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8050081pubmed: 34064714google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.