Effects of 1-MHz Ultrasound on Epaxial Muscle Temperature in Horses.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue temperature changes that occur at various depths during 1.0-MHz ultrasound (US) treatments of the epaxial muscles in horses. Ten healthy adult mares with no lameness or orthopedic disease weighing between 465 and 576 kg were studied. Two 1.0 MHz US treatments, one at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm and one at 2.0 W/cm, were administered to the epaxial region. Needle thermistors were inserted in the epaxial muscles below the skin surface at depths of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm, directly under the US treatment area. Depths were verified with diagnostic ultrasound. Both intensities of US treatment were performed on each horse over a 20 cm area for 10 min using a sound head with an effective radiating area of 10 cm. Treatments were administered in random order. Tissue temperature was measured before, during, and for an additional 10 min after the end of US treatment. Mean temperatures for each time point, location, and intensity was recorded at 30 s intervals. A mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to test for differences in these means. Individual differences in the means was tested for by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) mean separation test. At the completion of the 10 min US treatment, the temperature rise at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm was 1.55°C at the 1.0 cm depth, 1.18°C at 3.0 cm depth, and 1.29°C at 5.0 cm depth. At an intensity of 2.0 W/cm, temperatures rose 2.48°C at the 1.0 cm depth, 1.24°C at 3.0 cm depth, and 1.95°C at 5.0 cm depth. The main findings of the study is that use of therapeutic ultrasound with a 1.0 MHz US for 10 min in horse's epaxial muscles when clipped creates the greatest heat at 1.0 cm. The heat in the tissues at 5 cm depth is more than at 3 cm depth.
Publication Date: 2019-06-06 PubMed ID: 31245392PubMed Central: PMC6562276DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00177Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The study explores how 1.0-MHz ultrasound therapy affects tissue temperature in various depths of the epaxial muscles in horses. It found that 1.0-MHz ultrasound for 10 minutes creates the highest heat at a depth of 1.0 cm in horse’s epaxial muscles.
Research Methodology
- The research studied ten healthy adult mares without any lameness or orthopedic disorder, with their weight ranging between 465 and 576 kg.
- Two 1.0 MHz ultrasound treatments were applied to the horses’ epaxial region, one at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm and the other at 2.0 W/cm.
- To measure temperature changes, needle thermistors were inserted at depths of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm directly under the ultrasound treatment area.
- Each ultrasound treatment was performed on a 20 cm area for 10 minutes, both intensity levels were applied in a random order, and tissue temperature was monitored before, during, and 10 minutes after the treatment.
- The temperature was recorded every 30 seconds and compared using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to identify any differences.
Research Findings
- With an intensity of 1.0W/cm, post-10-min ultrasound treatment temperatures rose by 1.55°C at the 1 cm depth, 1.18°C at 3 cm, and 1.29°C at 5 cm.
- At an intensity of 2.0W/cm, temperatures increased by 2.48°C at 1.0 cm, 1.24°C at 3.0 cm, and 1.95°C at 5.0 cm.
- The study found that a 10-minute, 1.0-MHz ultrasound therapy creates the highest heat at a 1.0 cm depth in horse’s epaxial muscles.
- Unlike most expectations, the increase in temperature was higher at the 5 cm depth than at the 3 cm depth.
Implications
- The findings show that the depth of application and the intensity of the ultrasound have a significant impact on the heating effect of ultrasound therapy in horses.
- This information can be used to optimize ultrasound treatment protocols in equine therapy.
Cite This Article
APA
Adair HS, Levine D.
(2019).
Effects of 1-MHz Ultrasound on Epaxial Muscle Temperature in Horses.
Front Vet Sci, 6, 177.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00177 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
- Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, United States.
References
This article includes 33 references
- Armijo-Olivo S, Fuentes J, Muir I, Gross DP. Usage Patterns and Beliefs about Therapeutic Ultrasound by Canadian Physical Therapists: An Exploratory Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.. Physiother Can 2013 Summer;65(3):289-99.
- Ebadi S, Henschke N, Nakhostin Ansari N, Fallah E, van Tulder MW. Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low-back pain.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 Mar 14;(3):CD009169.
- Wong RA, Schumann B, Townsend R, Phelps CA. A survey of therapeutic ultrasound use by physical therapists who are orthopaedic certified specialists.. Phys Ther 2007 Aug;87(8):986-94.
- Schlachter C, Lewis C. Electrophysical Therapies for the Equine Athlete.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016 Apr;32(1):127-47.
- Kubot A, Grzegorzewski A, Synder M, Szymczak W, Kozłowski P. Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy and Ultrasound Therapy in the Treatment of Tennis Elbow Syndrome.. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 2017 Oct 31;19(5):415-426.
- Yeğin T, Altan L, Kasapoğlu Aksoy M. The Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Pain and Physical Function in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017 Jan;43(1):187-194.
- Ilter L, Dilek B, Batmaz I, Ulu MA, Sariyildiz MA, Nas K, Cevik R. Efficacy of Pulsed and Continuous Therapeutic Ultrasound in Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Study.. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015 Jul;94(7):547-54.
- Kavadar G, Çağlar N, Özen Ş, Tütün Ş, Demircioğlu D. Efficacy of conventional ultrasound therapy on myofascial pain syndrome: a placebo controlled study.. Agri 2015;27(4):190-6.
- Rayegani S, Bahrami M, Samadi B, Sedighipour L, Mokhtarirad M, Eliaspoor D. Comparison of the effects of low energy laser and ultrasound in treatment of shoulder myofascial pain syndrome: a randomized single-blinded clinical trial.. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2011 Sep;47(3):381-9.
- Nyanzi CS, Langridge J, Heyworth JR, Mani R. Randomized controlled study of ultrasound therapy in the management of acute lateral ligament sprains of the ankle joint.. Clin Rehabil 1999 Feb;13(1):16-22.
- Beheshti A, Shafigh Y, Parsa H, Zangivand AA. Comparison of high-frequency and MIST ultrasound therapy for the healing of venous leg ulcers.. Adv Clin Exp Med 2014 Nov-Dec;23(6):969-75.
- Lee DY, Han JS, Jang EJ, Seo DK, Hong JH, Lee SS, Lee DG, Yu Lee JH. The comparison of manual lymph drainage and ultrasound therapy on the leg swelling caused by wearing high heels.. Technol Health Care 2014;22(3):309-15.
- Draper DO, Mahaffey C, Kaiser D, Eggett D, Jarmin J. Thermal ultrasound decreases tissue stiffness of trigger points in upper trapezius muscles.. Physiother Theory Pract 2010 Apr 22;26(3):167-72.
- Rigby JH, Draper DO. Effects of Long Duration Low Intensity Ultrasound for Active Trapezius Trigger Points: A Randomized Clinical Trial.. J Sport Rehabil 2017 Feb 9;:1-17.
- Lehmann JF, Masock AJ, Warren CG, Koblanski JN. Effect of therapeutic temperatures on tendon extensibility.. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970 Aug;51(8):481-7.
- Warren CG, Lehmann JF, Koblanski JN. Elongation of rat tail tendon: effect of load and temperature.. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1971 Oct;52(10):465-74 passim.
- Wessling KC, DeVane DA, Hylton CR. Effects of static stretch versus static stretch and ultrasound combined on triceps surae muscle extensibility in healthy women.. Phys Ther 1987 May;67(5):674-9.
- Draper DO, Sunderland S, Kirkendall DT, Ricard M. A comparison of temperature rise in human calf muscles following applications of underwater and topical gel ultrasound.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1993 May;17(5):247-51.
- Draper DO, Castel JC, Castel D. Rate of temperature increase in human muscle during 1 MHz and 3 MHz continuous ultrasound.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995 Oct;22(4):142-50.
- Ward AR, Robertson VJ. Comparison of heating of nonliving soft tissue produced by 45 kHz and 1 MHz frequency ultrasound machines.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996 Apr;23(4):258-66.
- Gallo JA, Draper DO, Brody LT, Fellingham GW. A comparison of human muscle temperature increases during 3-MHz continuous and pulsed ultrasound with equivalent temporal average intensities.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004 Jul;34(7):395-401.
- Steiss JE, Adams CC. Effect of coat on rate of temperature increase in muscle during ultrasound treatment of dogs.. Am J Vet Res 1999 Jan;60(1):76-80.
- Draper DO, Schulthies S, Sorvisto P, Hautala AM. Temperature changes in deep muscles of humans during ice and ultrasound therapies: an in vivo study.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995 Mar;21(3):153-7.
- Levine D, Millis DL, Mynatt T. Effects of 3.3-MHz ultrasound on caudal thigh muscle temperature in dogs.. Vet Surg 2001 Mar-Apr;30(2):170-4.
- Montgomery L, Elliott SB, Adair HS. Muscle and tendon heating rates with therapeutic ultrasound in horses.. Vet Surg 2013 Apr;42(3):243-9.
- Ashton DF, Draper DO, Myrer JW. Temperature rise in human muscle during ultrasound treatments using flex-all as a coupling agent.. J Athl Train 1998 Apr;33(2):136-40.
- Demmink JH, Helders PJ, Hobaek H, Enwemeka C. The variation of heating depth with therapeutic ultrasound frequency in physiotherapy.. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003 Jan;29(1):113-8.
- ter Haar G. Therapeutic ultrasound.. Eur J Ultrasound 1999 Mar;9(1):3-9.
- Elfenbein JR, Sanchez LC, Robertson SA, Cole CA, Sams R. Effect of detomidine on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious adult horses.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009 Mar;36(2):162-72.
- Kamerling SG, Cravens WM, Bagwell CA. Objective assessment of detomidine-induced analgesia and sedation in the horse.. Eur J Pharmacol 1988 Jun 22;151(1):1-8.
- Edner A, Nyman G, Essén-Gustavsson B. The relationship of muscle perfusion and metabolism with cardiovascular variables before and after detomidine injection during propofol-ketamine anaesthesia in horses.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2002 Oct;29(4):182-199.
- Kruluc P, Nemec A. Electroencephalographic and electromyographic changes during the use of detomidine and detomidine-butorphanol combination in standing horses.. Acta Vet Hung 2006 Mar;54(1):35-42.
- Wooldridge AA, Eades SC, Hosgood GL, Moore RM. In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus.. Am J Vet Res 2002 Dec;63(12):1732-7.
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Boström A, Asplund K, Bergh A, Hyytiäinen H. Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine in Sport and Companion Animals: Therapeutic Ultrasound.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 14;12(22).
- de Melo UP, Ferreira C. Multimodal therapy for treatment of equine back pain: a report of 15 cases.. Braz J Vet Med 2021;43:e003321.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
