FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary surgery : VS2019; 48(8); 1416-1428; doi: 10.1111/vsu.13304

Effects of acellular equine amniotic allografts on the healing of experimentally induced full-thickness distal limb wounds in horses.

Abstract: To characterize the growth factors contained in equine amniotic membrane allograft (eAM; StemWrap scaffold and StemWrap+ injection) and to evaluate the effect of eAM on equine distal limb wound healing. Methods: Prospective experimental controlled study. Methods: Eight adult horses. Methods: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) concentrations in StemWrap+ were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two full-thickness 6.25-cm2 skin wounds were created on each metacarpus. On one forelimb, one wound was treated with eAM, and the other was left untreated (eAM control). On the contralateral limb, one wound was treated with a silicone dressing, and the other served as negative control. Three-dimensional images were obtained to determine wound circumference and surface area analyses at each bandage change until healed. Excessive granulation tissue was debrided once weekly for 4 weeks. Biopsy samples were taken to evaluate quality of wound healing via histologic and immunohistochemistry assays. Results: StemWrap+ contained moderate concentrations of TGF-β1 (494.10 pg/mL), VEGF (212.52 pg/mL), and PGE2 (1811.61 pg/mL). Treatment of wounds with eAM did not affect time to healing or histologic quality of the healing compared with other groups but was associated with increased granulation tissue production early in the study, particularly on day 7. Conclusions: Application of eAM resulted in increased granulation tissue production while maintaining appropriate healing of experimental wounds. Conclusions: Use of eAM is likely most beneficial for substantial wounds in which expedient production of large amounts of granulation tissue is desirable.
© 2019 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-08-06 PubMed ID: 31385329DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13304Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research is about the analysis of equine amniotic membrane allograft’s role in promoting the healing of experimental wounds on horse’s distal limb. The study explores the growth factors produced by the allograft and how these influence the overall wound healing process. Equine Amniotic Membrane Allograft (eAM) doesn’t significantly affect healing time or quality but leads to increased granulation tissue early on, making it potentially useful for substantial wounds.

Methods

The research involved in-depth procedures:

  • The investigators began by measuring the concentration of various growth factors (TGF-β1, VEGF, PGE ) in a specific type of eAM (StemWrap+) through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  • They then created two full-thickness wounds on two parts of each horse’s metacarpus. One was treated with eAM and the other was left untreated as a control.
  • To establish a comparison perspective, they treated one wound on the opposite limb with a silicone dressing, while the other was left untreated as a negative control.
  • Three-dimensional imaging was used to observe changes in the circumference and surface area of each wound during the healing process.
  • They also took biopsy samples for histologic and immunohistochemistry tests to assess the overall quality of healing.

Results

This section discusses the findings of the investigation:

  • They found that the eAM used for the study (StemWrap+) contained moderate amounts of the growth factors evaluated.
  • Although there were no significant effects on the duration and histologic quality of healing, there was an increased production of granulation tissue in areas treated with eAM, especially on the 7th day of the study.

Conclusions

The analysis and interpretation of the obtained data were presented here:

  • The researchers concluded that using eAM could lead to an increase in the production of granulation tissue. This occurrence did not disrupt the healing process, thus indicating that using eAM could be considered beneficial, especially for more significant wounds that require rapid tissue growth.

Cite This Article

APA
Fowler AW, Gilbertie JM, Watson VE, Prange T, Osborne JA, Schnabel LV. (2019). Effects of acellular equine amniotic allografts on the healing of experimentally induced full-thickness distal limb wounds in horses. Vet Surg, 48(8), 1416-1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13304

Publication

Veterinary surgery : VS
ISSN: 1532-950X
NlmUniqueID: 8113214
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 48
Issue: 8
Pages: 1416-1428

Researcher Affiliations

Fowler, Alexander W
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Gilbertie, Jessica M
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Watson, Victoria E
  • Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan.
Prange, Timo
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Osborne, Jason A
  • Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Schnabel, Lauren V
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.

MeSH Terms

  • Allografts
  • Amnion
  • Animals
  • Bandages / veterinary
  • Granulation Tissue / physiology
  • Horse Diseases / therapy
  • Horses / injuries
  • Prospective Studies
  • Skin / injuries
  • Skin / pathology
  • Wound Healing / physiology
  • Wounds and Injuries / therapy
  • Wounds and Injuries / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • AniCell Biotech
  • Fund for Orthopedic Research in honor of Gus and Equine athletes (F.O.R.G.E)

References

This article includes 71 references
  1. Wilmink JM, Stolk PW, van Weeren PR, Barneveld A. Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: macroscopic aspects.. Equine Vet J 1999;31:53-60.
  2. Wilmink JM, Veenman JN, van den Boom R. Differences in polymorphonucleocyte function and local inflammatory response between horses and ponies.. Equine Vet J 2003;35:561-569.
  3. van den Boom R, Wilmink JM, O'Kane S, Wood J, Ferguson MW. Transforming growth factor-beta levels during second-intention healing are related to the different course of wound contraction in horses and ponies.. Wound Repair Regen 2002;10:188-194.
  4. Schwartz AJ, Wilson DA, Keegan KG. Factors regulating collagen synthesis and degradation during second-intention healing of wounds in the thoracic region and the distal aspect of the forelimb of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1564-1570.
  5. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service website. Equine mortality in the United States, 2015.. .
  6. Carter CA, Jolly DG, Worden CE, Hendren DG, Kane CJ. Platelet-rich plasma gel promotes differentiation and regeneration during equine wound healing.. Exp Mol Pathol 2003;74:244-255.
  7. Monteiro SO, Vet M, Lepage OM, Theoret CL. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the repair of wounds on the distal aspect of the forelimb in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009;70:277-282.
  8. Ducharme-Desjarlais M, Céleste CJ, Lepault E, Theoret CL. Effect of a silicone-containing dressing on exuberant granulation tissue formation and wound repair in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1133-1139.
  9. Morgan DD, McClure S, Yaeger MJ, Schumacher J, Evans RB. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:1154-1161.
  10. Textor JA, Clark KC, Walker NJ. Allogeneic stem cells alter gene expression and improve healing of distal limb wounds in horses.. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018;7:98-108.
  11. Wise LM, Bodaan CJ, Stuart GS. Treatment of limb wounds of horses with orf virus IL-10 and VEGF-E accelerates resolution of exuberant granulation tissue, but does not prevent its development.. PLoS One 2018;13:e0197223.
  12. Goodrich LR, Moll HD, Crisman MV, Lessard P, Bigbie RB. Comparison of equine amnion and a nonadherent wound dressing material for bandaging pinch-grafted wounds in ponies.. Am J Vet Res 2000;61:326-329.
  13. Dahlgren LA, Milton SC, Boswell SG. Evaluation of a hyaluronic acid-based biomaterial to enhance wound healing in the equine distal limb.. J Equine Vet Sci 2016;44:90-99.
  14. Dart AJ, Bischofberger AS, Dart CM, Jeffcott LB. A review of research into second intention equine wound healing using manuka honey: current recommendations and future applications.. Equine Vet Educ 2015;27:658-664.
  15. Armentano I, Dottori M, Fortunati E, Mattioli S, Kenny JM. Biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering: a review.. Polym Degrad Stab 2010;95:2126-2146.
  16. Chan BP, Leong KW. Scaffolding in tissue engineering: general approaches and tissue-specific considerations.. Eur Spine J 2008;17(Suppl 4):467-479.
  17. Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh A, Annabi N, Khalilov R. Recent advances on biomedical applications of scaffolds in wound healing and dermal tissue engineering.. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018;46:691-705.
  18. Hu MS, Maan ZN, Wu JC. Tissue engineering and regenerative repair in wound healing.. Ann Biomed Eng 2014;42:1494-1507.
  19. Niknejad H, Peirovi H, Jorjani M, Ahmadiani A, Ghanavi J, Seifalian AM. Properties of the amniotic membrane for potential use in tissue engineering.. Eur Cell Mater 2008;15:88-99.
  20. Salah RA, Mohamed IK, El-Badri N. Development of decellularized amniotic membrane as a bioscaffold for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: ultrastructural study.. J Mol Histol 2018;49:289-301.
  21. Koob TJ, Rennert R, Zabek N. Biological properties of dehydrated human amnion/chorion composite graft: implications for chronic wound healing.. Int Wound J 2013;10:493-500.
  22. Riau AK, Beuerman RW, Lim LS, Mehta JS. Preservation, sterilization and de-epithelialization of human amniotic membrane for use in ocular surface reconstruction.. Biomaterials 2010;31:216-225.
  23. Mrugala A, Sui A, Plummer M. Amniotic membrane is a potential regenerative option for chronic nonhealing wounds: a report of five cases receiving dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft.. Int Wound J 2016;13:485-492.
  24. Zelen CM, Serena TE, Denoziere G, Fetterolf DE. A prospective randomised comparative parallel study of amniotic membrane wound graft in the management of diabetic foot ulcers.. Int Wound J 2013;10:502-507.
  25. Bianchi C, Cazzell S, Vayser D. A multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (EpiFix) allograft for the treatment of venous leg ulcers.. Int Wound J 2018;15:114-122.
  26. Binte Atique F, Ahmed KT, Asaduzzaman SM, Hasan KN. Effects of gamma irradiation on bacterial microflora associated with human amniotic membrane.. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:586561.
  27. Dhall S, Sathyamoorthy M, Kuang JQ. Properties of viable lyopreserved amnion are equivalent to viable cryopreserved amnion with the convenience of ambient storage.. PLoS One 2018;13:e0204060.
  28. Koob TJ, Lim JJ, Massee M. Angiogenic properties of dehydrated human amnion/chorion allografts: therapeutic potential for soft tissue repair and regeneration.. Vasc Cell 2014;6:10.
  29. Litwiniuk M, Grzela T. Amniotic membrane: new concepts for an old dressing.. Wound Repair Regen 2014;22:451-456.
  30. Duan-Arnold Y, Gyurdieva A, Johnson A, Uveges TE, Jacobstein DA, Danilkovitch A. Retention of endogenous viable cells enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of cryopreserved amnion.. Adv Wound Care 2015;4:523-533.
  31. Carter J, Reynoldson JA, Thorburn GD. The effects of certain vasodilating prostaglandins on the coronary and hindlimb vascular beds of conscious sheep.. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1986;83:401-406.
  32. Holzer P, Jocic M, Peskar BA. Mediation by prostaglandins of the nitric oxide-induced neurogenic vasodilatation in rat skin.. Br J Pharmacol 1995;116:2365-2370.
  33. Haber M, Cao Z, Panjwani N, Bedenice D, Li WW, Provost PJ. Effects of growth factors (EGF, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1) on cultured equine epithelial cells and keratocytes: implications for wound healing.. Vet Ophthalmol 2003;6:211-217.
  34. Theoret CL, Barber SM, Moyana TN, Gordon JR. Expression of transforming growth factor beta(1), beta(3), and basic fibroblast growth factor in full-thickness skin wounds of equine limbs and thorax.. Vet Surg 2001;30:269-277.
  35. Theoret CL, Barber SM, Gordon JR. Temporal localization of immunoreactive transforming growth factor beta1 in normal equine skin and in full-thickness dermal wounds.. Vet Surg 2002;31:274-280.
  36. Theoret CL, Barber SM, Moyana TN, Gordon JR. Preliminary observations on expression of transforming growth factors beta1 and beta3 in equine full-thickness skin wounds healing normally or with exuberant granulation tissue.. Vet Surg 2002;31:266-273.
  37. Barrientos S, Stojadinovic O, Golinko MS, Brem H, Tomic-Canic M. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing.. Wound Repair Regen 2008;16:585-601.
  38. Bao P, Kodra A, Tomic-canic M, Golinko MS, Ehrlich HP, Brem H. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in wound healing.. J Surg Res 2009;153:347-358.
  39. Larcher F, Murillas R, Bolontrade M, Conti CJ, Jorcano JL. VEGF/VPF overexpression in skin of transgenic mice induces angiogenesis, vascular hyperpermeability and accelerated tumor development.. Oncogene 1998;17:303-311.
  40. Brown LF, Yeo KT, Berse B. Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) by epidermal keratinocytes during wound healing.. J Exp Med 1992;176:1375-1379.
  41. Liu Z, Benard O, Syeda MM, Schuster VL, Chi Y. Inhibition of prostaglandin transporter (PGT) promotes perfusion and vascularization and accelerates wound healing in nondiabetic and diabetic rats.. PLoS One 2015;10(7):e0133615.
  42. Bhatia M, Pereira M, Rana H. The mechanism of cell interaction and response on decellularized human amniotic membrane: implications in wound healing.. Wounds 2007;19:207-217.
  43. Yang L, Shirakata Y, Tokumaru S. Living skin equivalents constructed using human amnions as a matrix.. J Dermatol Sci 2009;56:188-195.
  44. Gholipourmalekabadi M, Sameni M, Radenkovic D, Mozafari M, Mossahebi-Mohammadi M, Seifalian A. Decellularized human amniotic membrane: how viable is it as a delivery system for human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells?. Cell Prolif 2016;49:115-121.
  45. Koizumi N, Rigby H, Fullwood NJ. Comparison of intact and denuded amniotic membrane as a substrate for cell-suspension culture of human limbal epithelial cells.. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:123-134.
  46. Serena TE, Carter MJ, Le LT, Sabo MJ, DiMarco DT, EpiFix VLU Study Group. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial evaluating the use of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allografts and multilayer compression therapy vs multilayer compression therapy alone in the treatment of venous leg ulcers.. Wound Repair Regen 2014;22:688-693.
  47. Zelen CM, Gould L, Serena TE, Carter MJ, Keller J, Li WW. A prospective, randomised, controlled, multi-centre comparative effectiveness study of healing using dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft, bioengineered skin substitute or standard of care for treatment of chronic lower extremity diabetic ulcers.. Int Wound J 2015;12:724-732.
  48. Sheikh ES, Sheikh ES, Fetterolf DE. Use of dehydrated human amniotic membrane allografts to promote healing in patients with refractory non healing wounds.. Int Wound J 2014;11:711-717.
  49. Kakabadze Z, Mardaleishvili K, Loladze. Clinical application of decellularized and lyophilized human amnion/chorion membrane grafts for closing postlaryngectomy pharyngocutaneous fistulas.. J Surg Oncol 2016;113:538-543.
  50. Zelen CM, Serena TE, Fetterolf DE. Dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allografts in patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a long-term follow-up study.. Wound Med 2014;4:1-4.
  51. Sherman AB, Gilger BC, Berglund AK, Schnabel LV. Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017;8:120.
  52. Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Miller BJ. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.. J Orthop Res 2007;25:230-240.
  53. Nagy A, Bodo G, Dyson SJ, Szabo F, Barr AR. Diffusion of contrast medium after perineural injection of the palmar nerves: an in vivo and in vitro study.. Equine Vet J 2009;41:379-383.
  54. Nagy A, Bodò G, Dyson SJ, Compostella F, Barr AR. Distribution of radiodense contrast medium after perineural injection of the palmar and palmar metacarpal nerves (low 4-point nerve block): an in vivo and ex vivo study in horses.. Equine Vet J 2010;42:512-518.
  55. Seabaugh KA, Selberg KT, Valdés-Martínez A, Rao S, Baxter GM. Assessment of the tissue diffusion of anesthetic agent following administration of a low palmar nerve block in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:1334-1340.
  56. Nagy A, Bodó G, Dyson SJ. Diffusion of contrast medium after four different techniques for analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region: an in vivo and in vitro study.. Equine Vet J 2012;44:668-673.
  57. Claunch KM, Eggleston RB, Baxter GM. Effects of approach and injection volume on diffusion of mepivacaine hydrochloride during local analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;245:1153-1159.
  58. Lepault E, Céleste C, Doré M, Martineau D, Theoret CL. Comparative study on microvascular occlusion and apoptosis in body and limb wounds in the horse.. Wound Repair Regen 2005;13:520-529.
  59. Senn S. Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited.. Stat Med 2009;25:4334-4344.
  60. McCoy AM, Arrington J, Yau PM. Effect of preparation method on the protein profile of equine amnion dressings.. J Proteome Res 2019;18:2676-2685.
  61. McCoy AM, Smith RL, Secor EJ, Roady PJ. Effects of 2 preparation methods and long-term storage on structural integrity and bacterial loads of equine amnion.. Vet Surg 2019;48:222-228.
  62. Oudelaar BW, Peerbooms JC, Huis In ‘t Veld R, Vochteloo AJH. Concentrations of blood components in commercial platelet-rich plasma separation systems: a review of the literature.. Am J Sports Med 2019;47:479-487.
  63. Kushida S, Kakudo N, Morimoto N. Platelet and growth factor concentrations in activated platelet-rich plasma: a comparison of seven commercial separation systems.. J Artif Organs 2014;17:186-192.
  64. Syeda MM, Jing X, Mirza RH, Yu H, Sellers RS, Chi Y. Prostaglandin transporter modulates wound healing in diabetes by regulating prostaglandin-induced angiogenesis.. Am J Pathol 2012;181:334-346.
  65. Moravvej H, Abdollahimajd F, Naseh MH. Cultured allogeneic fibroblast injection vs. fibroblasts cultured on amniotic membrane scaffold for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa treatment.. Br J Dermatol 2018;179:72-79.
  66. Wilcox JR, Carter MJ, Covington S. Frequency of debridements and time to heal: a retrospective cohort study of 312 744 wounds.. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:1050-1058.
  67. Davidson JR. Current concepts in wound management and wound healing products.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015;45:537-564.
  68. Dabiri G, Damstetter E, Phillips T. Choosing a wound dressing based on common wound characteristics.. Adv Wound Care 2016;5:32-41.
  69. Singer AJ, Nable M, Cameau P, Singer DD, McClain SA. Evaluation of a new liquid occlusive dressing for excisional wounds.. Wound Repair Regen 2003;11:181-187.
  70. Rheinecker SB. Wound management: the occlusive dressing.. J Athl Train 1995;30:143-146.
  71. Kumar D, Daniel A. Clinical outcome of nonocclusive versus occlusive dressing in postoperative sutured wounds.. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:20-22.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Ribeiro G, Carvalho L, Borges J, Prazeres J. The Best Protocol to Treat Equine Skin Wounds by Second Intention Healing: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2024 May 18;14(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14101500pubmed: 38791717google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.