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Mycotoxin research2016; 32(3); 153-161; doi: 10.1007/s12550-016-0250-1

Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and related metabolites on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and background occurrence of these toxins in horses.

Abstract: Both deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their metabolites are known to modulate immune cells in various species whereby viability and proliferation are influenced. Such effects were rarely examined in horses. Therefore, one aim of the present study was to titrate the inhibitory concentrations of DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3AcDON), de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1), ZEN, and α- and β-zearalenol (ZEL) at which viability and proliferation of equine PBMC were reduced by 50 % (IC50) and 10 % (IC10) in vitro. For evaluation of practical relevance of the in vitro findings, a further aim was to screen horses for the background occurrence of DON, ZEN, and their metabolites in systemic circulation and to relate toxin residues both to the inhibitory toxin concentrations and to hematological and clinical-chemical characteristics.The IC50 (μM) for DON, 3AcDON, β-ZEL, α-ZEL, and ZEN were determined at 3.09, 25.90, 75.44, 97.44, and 98.15 in unstimulated cells, respectively, while in proliferating cells, the corresponding IC50 values were 0.73, 6.89, 45.16, 75.96, and 82.51. Neither viability nor proliferation was influenced by DOM-1 up to a concentration of 100 μM.The in vivo screening (N = 49) revealed the occurrence of ZEN (N = 24), α-ZEL (N = 3), β-ZEL (N = 37), DON, and DOM-1 (N = 2). The detected concentrations were much lower than the corresponding IC50 while the IC10 of DON and β-ZEL for proliferating PBMC corresponded to approximately 26 and 35 ng/mL which might be relevant when contaminated diets are fed.Clinical-chemical and hematological traits were not related to mycotoxin residue levels excepting blood urea nitrogen which was positively correlated to the sum of β-ZEL, α-ZEL, and ZEN concentration. Whether this reflects simply the feeding history of the horses or renal failures giving rise to a prolonged half-life of the toxins needs to be clarified further.
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Publication Date: 2016-06-02 PubMed ID: 27255919DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0250-1Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper focuses on the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their metabolites on horse immune cells, and also measures the presence of these toxins in horses’ systemic circulation. The detected concentrations of these toxins in horses’ circulation in natural conditions are assessed for their potential impact on horse health.

Objective and Tests

  • The study aimed to understand the effect of these toxins on viability and proliferation of equine PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). The inhibitory concentrations of these toxins and their metabolites, at which viability and proliferation of these cells are reduced by 50% and 10%, were calculated.
  • The study also aimed to detect the presence of these toxins and their metabolites in systemic circulation in horses, so as to understand the real world implications of the in-vitro findings.

Findings

  • The inhibitory concentrations for DON, 3AcDON (a metabolite of DON), β-ZEL, α-ZEL (metabolites of ZEN), and ZEN were determined both for unstimulated and proliferating cells. None of these toxins influenced viability or proliferation at a concentration of 100 µM of DOM-1 (a metabolite of DON).
  • The study also found the presence of ZEN, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, DON, and DOM-1 in the systemic circulation in real world settings. However, the detection levels were much lower than the established inhibitory concentrations.

Implications and Conclusions

  • Despite the presence of these toxins in the systemic circulation, the concentrations were much lower than the inhibitory concentrations that reduce cell viability and proliferation. Therefore, only contaminated diets with high levels of these toxins can potentially pose detrimental effects on horse health, specifically their immune system.
  • The hematological and clinical-chemical characteristics did not show any significant relation to these mycotoxin residue levels, except for blood urea nitrogen which was positively correlated to β-ZEL, α-ZEL, and ZEN concentration. This aspect needs further research to identify whether this correlation is due to the feeding habits of the horses or due to renal failures that can increase the half-life of these toxins.

Cite This Article

APA
Schumann B, Winkler J, Mickenautsch N, Warnken T, Dänicke S. (2016). Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and related metabolites on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and background occurrence of these toxins in horses. Mycotoxin Res, 32(3), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-016-0250-1

Publication

Mycotoxin research
ISSN: 1867-1632
NlmUniqueID: 8807334
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 153-161

Researcher Affiliations

Schumann, Barbara
  • Horse Clinic Barkhof, Sottrum, Germany.
Winkler, Janine
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
Mickenautsch, Nicola
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
Warnken, Tobias
  • Horse Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
Dänicke, Sven
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany. sven.daenicke@fli.bund.de.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Blood Chemical Analysis
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Inhibitory Concentration 50
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / drug effects
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / physiology
  • Male
  • Trichothecenes / blood
  • Trichothecenes / toxicity
  • Zearalenone / blood
  • Zearalenone / toxicity

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Dänicke S, Saltzmann J, Liermann W, Glatter M, Hüther L, Kersten S, Zeyner A, Feige K, Warnken T. Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits. Toxins (Basel) 2021 Aug 23;13(8).
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    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851pubmed: 32625539google scholar: lookup
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  4. Kalagatur NK, Kamasani JR, Siddaiah C, Gupta VK, Krishna K, Mudili V. Combinational Inhibitory Action of Hedychium spicatum L. Essential Oil and γ-Radiation on Growth Rate and Mycotoxins Content of Fusarium graminearum in Maize: Response Surface Methodology. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1511.
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