Effects of infrared camera angle and distance on measurement and reproducibility of thermographically determined temperatures of the distolateral aspects of the forelimbs in horses.
Abstract: To assess effects of camera angle and distance on measurement and reproducibility of thermographically determined temperatures of the distolateral aspect of the forelimbs in horses. Methods: Evaluation study. Methods: 10 adult horses. Methods: Thermographic images of both forelimbs were obtained at 3 times during the day (replicates 1, 2, and 3); maximum surface temperature over 1 region (distolateral aspect of the third metacarpal bone and metacarpophalangeal joint) was measured. Standard images were obtained every 5 minutes for 1 hour with the camera positioned at an angle of 90° and a distance of 1.0 m from the forelimb; additional images were obtained at changed (± 20°) angles or at a 1.5-m distance. At the end of each replicate, 4 sets of additional images were obtained at 2-minute intervals to assess short-term reproducibility. Results: Mean ± SD temperature difference between left and right forelimbs was 0.32° ± 0.27°C (0.58° ± 0.49°F) in standard images. Temperatures measured via standard images were highly correlated with those measured with the camera positioned at changed angles or distance. Mean ± SD differences between temperatures measured via standard images and those measured from changed angles or distance were considered small (≤ 0.22° ± 0.18°C [0.40° ± 0.32°F] for all comparisons). The degree of short-term reproducibility was high. Conclusions: Thermographically determined temperatures were unaffected by 20° changes in camera angle or a 0.5-m increase in camera distance from the forelimb. Minor temperature differences between left and right forelimbs were detected in the study and should be considered during diagnostic investigations.
Publication Date: 2013-01-19 PubMed ID: 23327183DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.3.388Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research explores the effects of camera angle and distance on the measurement and reproducibility of temperatures in horse forelimbs using thermographic imaging. The findings suggest minor adjustments in camera setups do not significantly impact the results, making thermography a reliable technique for diagnosing equine conditions.
Research Methodology
- The evaluation study was conducted on 10 adult horses.
- Thermographic images of both forelimbs of each horse were obtained three times throughout the day.
- Images were captured every 5 minutes for an hour, with the camera placed at a 90° angle and 1.0 meter away from the horse’s forelimb.
- Additional images were taken in different setups – The camera was repositioned at varied angles (± 20°) or placed 1.5 meters from the forelimb.
- Four additional sets of images were taken at two-minute intervals at the end of each phase of the experiment to assess short-term reproducibility.
Results and Findings
- The average difference in temperature between the left and right forelimbs was small: 0.32° ± 0.27°C (0.58° ± 0.49°F).
- The temperatures measured in standard images (90°/1.0m) were found to be highly correlated with those measured under changed camera setups.
- The temperature differences between the standard measurements and those measured with adjusted camera setups were fairly minimal (≤ 0.22° ± 0.18°C [0.40° ± 0.32°F] for all comparisons).
- The thermographic measurements showcased high short-term reproducibility.
Conclusions
- The study found that changes in camera angles by 20° or an increase in the camera distance from the forelimb by 0.5 meters did not significantly impact the temperature measurements.
- However, minor temperature differences between the left and right forelimbs were observed and should be taken into account during diagnostic evaluations.
In summary, the study reaffirms the reliability of thermographic imaging as a diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine, specifically in determining temperatures in the distolateral aspects of horse forelimbs. The variations in camera angle and distance proved to have minimal effects on the results, further fortifying its accuracy and reproducibility.
Cite This Article
APA
Westermann S, Buchner HH, Schramel JP, Tichy A, Stanek C.
(2013).
Effects of infrared camera angle and distance on measurement and reproducibility of thermographically determined temperatures of the distolateral aspects of the forelimbs in horses.
J Am Vet Med Assoc, 242(3), 388-395.
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.3.388 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Units of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. Simone.Westermann@vetmeduni.ac.at
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Female
- Forelimb / physiology
- Horses / physiology
- Male
- Reproducibility of Results
- Temperature
- Thermography / methods
- Thermography / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Stachurska A, Kędzierski W, Kaczmarek B, Wiśniewska A, Żylińska B, Janczarek I. Variation of Physiological and Behavioural Parameters during the Oestrous Cycle in Mares.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 6;13(2).
- Farley CM, Kaynaroglu P, Magness D, Riegel RJ, Otto CM. Thermal Imaging Following Exercise in Working Dogs.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:705478.
- MacKechnie-Guire R, Fisher M, Mathie H, Kuczynska K, Fairfax V, Fisher D, Pfau T. A Systematic Approach to Comparing Thermal Activity of the Thoracic Region and Saddle Pressure Distribution beneath the Saddle in a Group of Non-Lame Sports Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 13;11(4).
- Domino M, Romaszewski M, Jasiński T, Maśko M. Comparison of the Surface Thermal Patterns of Horses and Donkeys in Infrared Thermography Images.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 24;10(12).
- Roy RC, Riley CB, Stryhn H, Dohoo I, Cockram MS. Infrared Thermography for the Ante Mortem Detection of Bruising in Horses Following Transport to a Slaughter Plant.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:344.
- Garcia EFV, Loughin CA, Marino DJ, Sackman J, Umbaugh SE, Fu J, Subedi S, Lesser ML, Akerman M, Schossler JEW. Medical infrared imaging and orthostatic analysis to determine lameness in the pelvic limbs of dogs.. Open Vet J 2017;7(4):342-348.
- Arduini A, Redaelli V, Luzi F, Dall'Olio S, Pace V, Nanni Costa L. Relationship between Deck Level, Body Surface Temperature and Carcass Damages in Italian Heavy Pigs after Short Journeys at Different Unloading Environmental Conditions.. Animals (Basel) 2017 Feb 10;7(2).
- Rushton JO, Tichy A, Nell B. Introduction of the use of thermography and thermometry in the diagnosis of uveitis in horses: a pilot project.. Vet Rec Open 2015;2(1):e000089.
- Gatt A, Formosa C, Cassar K, Camilleri KP, De Raffaele C, Mizzi A, Azzopardi C, Mizzi S, Falzon O, Cristina S, Chockalingam N. Thermographic patterns of the upper and lower limbs: baseline data.. Int J Vasc Med 2015;2015:831369.
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