Analyze Diet
Life (Basel, Switzerland)2023; 13(2); 455; doi: 10.3390/life13020455

Effects of Microencapsulated Essential Oils on Equine Health: Nutrition, Metabolism and Methane Emission.

Abstract: This review examines the available data regarding the positive effects of microencapsulated essential oils (EOs) on the nutrition, metabolism, and possibly the methane emission of horses. A literature review was conducted on the effect of microencapsulated (EOs) on the health of horses. The information comprises articles published in recent years in indexed journals. The results indicate that mixtures of microencapsulated EOs may be beneficial to equine health due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, as well as their effects on enteric methane production, nutrient absorption, and immune system enhancement. Moreover, encapsulation stabilizes substances such as EOs in small doses, primarily by combining them with other ingredients.
Publication Date: 2023-02-06 PubMed ID: 36836812PubMed Central: PMC9963397DOI: 10.3390/life13020455Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the potential benefits of microencapsulated essential oils on equine health, particularly in areas like nutrition, metabolism, and potential reductions in methane emissions.

Overview of the Research Methodology

  • The researchers embarked on a comprehensive literature review to gather data on the impact of microencapsulated essential oils (EOs) on horse health. They considered articles recently published in indexed journals, ensuring that the data used was current and valid.

Positive Effects of Microencapsulated Essential Oils on Equine Health

  • The review has indicated that mixes of microencapsulated EOs could be beneficial to the health of horses. These benefits stem from the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of EOs, making them potentially useful in combating infections and ensuring the overall well-being of horses.
  • The EOs also showed a potential impact on enteric methane production. This suggests that the use of EOs could contribute to initiatives aimed at reducing methane emissions, an environmental concern since methane is a potent greenhouse gas.
  • EOs appeared to enhance nutrient absorption in horses, possibly contributing to improved overall nutrition and metabolism outcomes. This, in turn, could have a meaningful effect on the health outcomes of equines, helping them maintain a balanced weight and optimal energy level.
  • The EOs additionally seemed to have a stimulating effect on the immune system. An enhanced immune response could contribute to better overall health in horses, making them more resistant to diseases.

The Need for Microencapsulation of Essential Oils

  • Essential oils are often encapsulated in small doses for stability. The encapsulation process involves combining EOs with other ingredients, allowing the oils to maintain their beneficial properties. This process is vital to ensure that the oils retain their effectiveness when administered to horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Elghandour MMMY, Maggiolino A, García EIC, Sánchez-Aparicio P, De Palo P, Ponce-Covarrubias JL, Pliego AB, Salem AZM. (2023). Effects of Microencapsulated Essential Oils on Equine Health: Nutrition, Metabolism and Methane Emission. Life (Basel), 13(2), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020455

Publication

ISSN: 2075-1729
NlmUniqueID: 101580444
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
PII: 455

Researcher Affiliations

Elghandour, Mona M M Y
  • Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico.
Maggiolino, Aristide
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
García, Erendira Itzel Ceja
  • Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico.
Sánchez-Aparicio, Pedro
  • Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico.
De Palo, Pasquale
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
Ponce-Covarrubias, José Luis
  • Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro), Técpan de Galeana 40900, Guerrero, Mexico.
Pliego, Alberto Barbabosa
  • Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico.
Salem, Abdelfattah Z M
  • Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 77 references
  1. Purba R.A.P., Yuangklang C., Paengkoum S., Paengkoum P.. Piper oil decreases in vitro methane production with shifting ruminal fermentation in a variety of diets.. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2021;25:231–240.
    doi: 10.17957/IJAB/15.1661google scholar: lookup
  2. Faccia M, Maggiolino A, Natrella G, Zizzadoro C, Mazzone A, Poulopoulou I, Bragaglio A, De Palo P. Ingested versus inhaled limonene in sheep: A pilot study to explore potential different transfer to the mammary gland and effects on milk and Caciotta cheese aroma.. J Dairy Sci 2022 Oct;105(10):8143-8157.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-22016pubmed: 36028343google scholar: lookup
  3. Jugreet B.S., Suroowan S., Rengasamy R.K., Mahomoodally M.F.. Chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action and industrial applications of essential oils.. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020;101:89–105.
  4. Falleh H, Ben Jemaa M, Saada M, Ksouri R. Essential oils: A promising eco-friendly food preservative.. Food Chem 2020 Nov 15;330:127268.
  5. Maggiolino A, Faccia M, Holman BWB, Hopkins DL, Bragaglio A, Natrella G, Mazzone A, De Palo P. The effect of oral or respiratory exposure to limonene on goat kid performance and meat quality.. Meat Sci 2022 Sep;191:108865.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108865pubmed: 35660293google scholar: lookup
  6. Dinardo FR, Maggiolino A, Casalino E, Deflorio M, Centoducati G. A Multi-Biomarker Approach in European Sea Bass Exposed to Dynamic Temperature Changes under Dietary Supplementation with Origanum vulgare Essential Oil.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 1;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11040982pmc: PMC8066705pubmed: 33915858google scholar: lookup
  7. Peterfalvi A, Miko E, Nagy T, Reger B, Simon D, Miseta A, Czéh B, Szereday L. Much More Than a Pleasant Scent: A Review on Essential Oils Supporting the Immune System.. Molecules 2019 Dec 11;24(24).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules24244530pmc: PMC6943609pubmed: 31835699google scholar: lookup
  8. Lee G, Park J, Kim MS, Seol GH, Min SS. Analgesic effects of eucalyptus essential oil in mice.. Korean J Pain 2019 Apr 1;32(2):79-86.
    doi: 10.3344/kjp.2019.32.2.79pmc: PMC6549588pubmed: 31091506google scholar: lookup
  9. Purba R.A.P., Yuangklang C., Paengkoum P.. Enhanced conjugated linoleic acid and biogas production after ruminal fermentation with Piper betle L. supplementation.. Ciênc. Rural. 2020;50:e20191001.
  10. Simitzis PE. Enrichment of Animal Diets with Essential Oils-A Great Perspective on Improving Animal Performance and Quality Characteristics of the Derived Products.. Medicines (Basel) 2017 Jun 2;4(2).
    doi: 10.3390/medicines4020035pmc: PMC5590071pubmed: 28930250google scholar: lookup
  11. Besharati M, Giannenas I, Palangi V, Ayasan T, Noorian F, Maggiolino A, Lorenzo JM. Chitosan/Calcium-Alginate Encapsulated Flaxseed Oil on Dairy Cattle Diet: In Vitro Fermentation and Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation.. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 29;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12111400pmc: PMC9179567pubmed: 35681864google scholar: lookup
  12. Castillejos L., Calsamiglia S., Martín-Tereso J., Ter Wijlen H.. In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets.. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2008;145:259–270.
  13. Rivera R.A., Camino M.D.C.P., Silva N.C.. Evalución de la vida útil de los aceites de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana y Plukenetia volubilis) microencapsulados.. Rev. Soc. Quím. Perú. 2019;85:327–337.
  14. Wang X, Gao S, Yun S, Zhang M, Peng L, Li Y, Zhou Y. Microencapsulating Alginate-Based Polymers for Probiotics Delivery Systems and Their Application.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022 May 23;15(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ph15050644pmc: PMC9144165pubmed: 35631470google scholar: lookup
  15. Dougal K, de la Fuente G, Harris PA, Girdwood SE, Pinloche E, Newbold CJ. Identification of a core bacterial community within the large intestine of the horse.. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e77660.
  16. Wartell BA, Krumins V, Alt J, Kang K, Schwab BJ, Fennell DE. Methane production from horse manure and stall waste with softwood bedding.. Bioresour Technol 2012 May;112:42-50.
  17. Patra AK, Yu Z. Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012 Jun;78(12):4271-80.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.00309-12pmc: PMC3370521pubmed: 22492451google scholar: lookup
  18. Hernandez N., Torres S.H., De Sanctis J.B., Pulido M.M., Sucre L.E.. A comparative study of metabolic characteristics of M-gluteus medius in equines and bovines.. Rev. Cient. Fac. Cienc. Vet. 2004;14:153–161.
  19. Bailac P.N., Dellacasa A.D., Bernasconi H.O., Firpo N.H., Ponzi M.I.. Composicion del aceite esencial y actividad antimicrobiana de Eupatorium patens.. Bol. Soc. Chil. Quím. 2000;45:207–211.
  20. Pathania AS, Guru SK, Verma MK, Sharma C, Abdullah ST, Malik F, Chandra S, Katoch M, Bhushan S. Disruption of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade and induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by an essential oil from Monarda citriodora.. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 Dec;62:246-54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.037pubmed: 23994707google scholar: lookup
  21. Aleksic V, Knezevic P. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of extracts and essential oils of Myrtus communis L.. Microbiol Res 2014 Apr;169(4):240-54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.10.003pubmed: 24291016google scholar: lookup
  22. Ruiz C., Díaz C., Rojas R.. Composición química de aceites esenciales de 10 plantas aromáticas peruanas.. Rev. Soc. Quím. Perú. 2015;81:81–94.
    doi: 10.37761/rsqp.v81i2.10google scholar: lookup
  23. Martínez J., Sulbarán de Ferrer B., Ojeda de Rodríguez G., Ferrer A., Nava R.. Actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de mandarina.. Rev. Fac. Agron. 2003;20:502–512.
  24. Vega F.E.A., Montenegro Z.J.S., Delgado M.E.T., Alvarez J.A.P., Benavidez A.M.H., Ospina J.D.. Evaluación de la capacidad inhibitoria de aceites esenciales en Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli.. Biotecnol. Sect. Agropecu. Agroind. 2017;15:52–60.
    doi: 10.18684/bsaa(15).593google scholar: lookup
  25. Plaus E.A., Flores G.S., Ataucusi S.G.. Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial del Origanum vulgare (orégano). Rev. Med. Hered. 2013;12:16.
    doi: 10.20453/rmh.v12i1.660google scholar: lookup
  26. Sanchez Perez Y., Correa Vidal T., Abreu Machado Y., Cotilla Pelier L., Berroa Navarro G., Pino Pérez O.. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Piper hispidum Sw. and antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson.. Rev. Prot. Veg. 2014;29:185–191.
  27. Pino O., Sánchez Y., Rojas M.M., Abreu Y., Correa T.M.. Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Pimpinella anisum L.. Rev. Prot. Veg. 2012;27:181–187.
  28. Coy Barrera C.C.A., Eunice Acosta G.. Actividad antibacteriana y determinación de la composición química de los aceites esenciales de romero (Rosmarinus officinalis), tomillo (Thymus vulgaris) y cúrcuma (Curcuma longa) de Colombia.. Rev. Cuba Plantas Med. 2013;18:237–246.
  29. Rueda Y., Mogollón C., Fernando O.. Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de las especies Eucalyptus globulus y E. camaldulensis de tres zonas de Pamplona (Colombia). Bioagro 2012;17:137–141.
  30. Granados C., Yáñez X., Acevedo D.. Evaluación de la Actividad Antioxidante del Aceite Esencial Foliar de Myrcianthes leucoxyla de Norte de Santander (Colombia). Inf. Tecnol. 2014;25:11–16.
  31. Stashenko E.E., Martínez J.R., Durán D.C., Córdoba Y., Caballero D.. Estudio comparativo de la composición química y la actividad antioxidante de los aceites esenciales de algunas plantas del género Lippia (Verbenaceae) cultivadas en Colombia.. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Exactas Fís Nat. 2014;38:89–105.
    doi: 10.18257/raccefyn.156google scholar: lookup
  32. Montero-Recalde M., Revelo I.J., Avilés-Esquivel D., Valle E.V., Guevara-Freire D.. Efecto Antimicrobiano del Aceite Esencial de Canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) sobre Cepas de Salmonella.. Rev. Investig. Vet. Perú. 2017;28:987–993.
  33. Gómez-Castellanos J.R.. Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides). Revisión a sus características morfológicas, actividad farmacológica, y biogénesis de su principal principio activo, ascaridol.. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat. 2008;7:2–7.
  34. Granados Conde C., Yáñez Rueda X., Santafé Pariño G.G.. Evaluaciòn de la actividad antioxidante del aceite esencial foliar de Calycolpus moritzianus y Minthostachys mollis de Norte de Santander.. Bistua Rev. Fac. Cienc. Básicas. 2012;10:12–23.
  35. Santana P.M., Miranda M., Gutiérrez Y., García G., Orellana T., Orellana A.. Antinflammatory effect and chemical composition of bursera graveolens Triana & Planch. branch oil (palo santo) from Ecuador.. Rev. Cuba Plantas Med. 2009;14:45–53.
  36. Purba R.A.P., Paengkoum S., Yuangklang C., Paengkoum P., Salem A.Z.M., Boo L.J.. Mammary gene expressions and oxidative indicators in ruminal fluid, blood, milk, and mammary tissue of dairy goats fed a total mixed ration containing piper meal (Piper betle L.). Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2022;21:129–141.
  37. Hu F, Tu XF, Thakur K, Hu F, Li XL, Zhang YS, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Comparison of antifungal activity of essential oils from different plants against three fungi.. Food Chem Toxicol 2019 Dec;134:110821.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110821pubmed: 31533060google scholar: lookup
  38. Cho TJ, Park SM, Yu H, Seo GH, Kim HW, Kim SA, Rhee MS. Recent Advances in the Application of Antibacterial Complexes Using Essential Oils.. Molecules 2020 Apr 10;25(7).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules25071752pmc: PMC7181228pubmed: 32290228google scholar: lookup
  39. Bouyahya A., Lagrouh F., El Omari N., Bourais I., El Jemli M., Marmouzi I., Salhi N., Faouzi M.E.A., Belmehdi O., Dakka N.. Essential oils of Mentha viridis rich phenolic compounds show important antioxidant, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, antidermatophyte and antibacterial properties.. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 2020;23:101471.
  40. Venable E.B., Fenton K.A., Braner V.M., Reddington C.E., Halpin M.J., Heitz S.A., Francis J.M., Gulson N.A., Goyer C.L., Bland S.D.. Effects of Feeding Management on the Equine Cecal Microbiota.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;49:113–121.
  41. Cuevas-Bernardino J.C., Pérez-Alonso C., Nieto-Ángel R., Aguirre-Mandujano E.. Microencapsulation of grape seed oil by spray drying using whey protein and hawthorn pectin.. Ing. Agríc. Biosist. 2019;11:127–145.
  42. Salehi B, Valussi M, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, Leal ALAB, Coutinho HDM, Vitalini S, Kręgiel D, Antolak H, Sharifi-Rad M, Silva NCC, Yousaf Z, Martorell M, Iriti M, Carradori S, Sharifi-Rad J. Tagetes spp. Essential Oils and Other Extracts: Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity.. Molecules 2018 Nov 1;23(11).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules23112847pmc: PMC6278309pubmed: 30388858google scholar: lookup
  43. Rasekh M., Karami H., Wilson A.D., Gancarz M.. Classification and Identification of Essential Oils from Herbs and Fruits Based on a MOS Electronic-Nose Technology.. Chemosensors. 2021;9:142.
  44. Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013 Nov 25;6(12):1451-74.
    doi: 10.3390/ph6121451pmc: PMC3873673pubmed: 24287491google scholar: lookup
  45. Klevenhusen F., Muro-Reyes A., Khiaosa-Ard R., Metzler-Zebeli B., Zebeli Q.. A meta-analysis of effects of chemical composition of incubated diet and bioactive compounds on in vitro ruminal fermentation.. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2012;176:61–69.
  46. Kholif A.E., Olafadehan O.A.. Essential oils and phytogenic feed additives in ruminant diet: Chemistry, ruminal microbiota and fermentation, feed utilization and productive performance.. Phytochem. Rev. 2021;20:1087–1108.
  47. Purba R.A.P., Paengkoum P.. Bioanalytical HPLC method of Piper betle L. for quantifying phenolic compound, water-soluble vitamin, and essential oil in five different solvent extracts.. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2019;9:33–39.
    doi: 10.7324/japs.2019.90504google scholar: lookup
  48. Valdivieso-Ugarte M, Gomez-Llorente C, Plaza-Díaz J, Gil Á. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review.. Nutrients 2019 Nov 15;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/nᄑ2786pmc: PMC6893664pubmed: 31731683google scholar: lookup
  49. Veiga R.D.S.D., Aparecida Da Silva-Buzanello R., Corso M.P., Canan C.. Essential oils microencapsulated obtained by spray drying: A review.. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2019;31:457–473.
  50. Hernández O.D.L.. Microencapsulación de sustancias oleosas mediante secado por aspersión.. Rev. Cubana Farm. 2010;44:381–389.
  51. Hussain SA, Hameed A, Nazir Y, Naz T, Wu Y, Suleria HAR, Song Y. Microencapsulation and the Characterization of Polyherbal Formulation (PHF) Rich in Natural Polyphenolic Compounds.. Nutrients 2018 Jun 28;10(7).
    doi: 10.3390/nဇ0843pmc: PMC6073146pubmed: 29958444google scholar: lookup
  52. Reis D.R., Ambrosi A., Di Luccio M.. Encapsulated essential oils: A perspective in food preservation.. Futur. Foods. 2022;5:100126.
  53. Gbassi GK, Vandamme T, Ennahar S, Marchioni E. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum spp in an alginate matrix coated with whey proteins.. Int J Food Microbiol 2009 Jan 31;129(1):103-5.
  54. Wang W. Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals.. Int J Pharm 2000 Aug 10;203(1-2):1-60.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00423-3pubmed: 10967427google scholar: lookup
  55. Dima Ş., Dima C., Iordăchescu G.. Encapsulation of Functional Lipophilic Food and Drug Biocomponents.. Food Eng. Rev. 2015;7:417–438.
    doi: 10.1007/s12393-015-9115-1google scholar: lookup
  56. Caballero B., Trugo L.C., Finglas P.M.. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition.. .
  57. Li M, Rouaud O, Poncelet D. Microencapsulation by solvent evaporation: state of the art for process engineering approaches.. Int J Pharm 2008 Nov 3;363(1-2):26-39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.018pubmed: 18706988google scholar: lookup
  58. Chadha S.. Advances in Nano-Fertilizers and Nano-Pesticides in Agriculture.. .
  59. Asua J.M.. Miniemulsion polymerization.. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2002;27:1283–1346.
  60. Pedroso-Santana S., Fleitas-Salazar N.. Ionotropic gelation method in the synthesis of nanoparticles/microparticles for biomedical purposes.. Polym. Int. 2020;69:443–447.
    doi: 10.1002/pi.5970google scholar: lookup
  61. Lu W., Kelly A., Miao S.. Emulsion-based encapsulation and delivery systems for polyphenols.. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2016;47:1–9.
  62. Lucía C., Marcela F., Ainhoa L.. Encapsulation of Almond Essential Oil by Co-Extrusion/Gelling Using Chitosan as Wall Material.. J. Encapsul. Adsorpt. Sci. 2017;7:67–74.
    doi: 10.4236/jeas.2017.71004google scholar: lookup
  63. Cichorska B., Komosa M., Nogowsk L., Maćkowiak P., Józefia D.. Significance of Nutrient Digestibility in Horse Nutrition—A Review.. Ann. Anim. Sci. 2014;14:779–797.
    doi: 10.2478/aoas-2014-0059google scholar: lookup
  64. Oliver-Espinosa O. Diagnostics and Treatments in Chronic Diarrhea and Weight Loss in Horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018 Apr;34(1):69-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.011pubmed: 29426710google scholar: lookup
  65. Castillo-González A., Burrola-Barraza M., Domínguez-Viveros J., Chávez-Martínez A.. Rumen microorganisms and fermentation.. Arch. Med. Vet. 2014;46:349–361.
  66. Martínez R.M., Cerrilla M.E.O., Haro J.G.H., Garza J.R.K., Ramos J.Z., Soriano R.R.. Uso de aceites esenciales en animales de granja.. Interciencia. 2015;40:744–750.
  67. Van Weyenberg S., Sales J., Janssens G.. Passage rate of digesta through the equine gastrointestinal tract: A review.. Livest. Sci. 2006;99:3–12.
  68. Arroyo LG, Rossi L, Santos BP, Gomez DE, Surette MG, Costa MC. Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota of the Cecum and Large Colon of Healthy and Diarrheic Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 12;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10081403pmc: PMC7460328pubmed: 32806591google scholar: lookup
  69. Maggiolino A., Lorenzo J., Quiñones J., Latorre M., Blando F., Centoducati G., Dahl G., De Palo P.. Effects of dietary supplementation with Pinus taeda hydrolyzed lignin on in vivo performances, in vitro nutrient apparent digestibility, and gas emission in beef steers.. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2019;255:114217.
  70. De Bellis P, Maggiolino A, Albano C, De Palo P, Blando F. Ensiling Grape Pomace With and Without Addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strain: Effect on Polyphenols and Microbiological Characteristics, in vitro Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, and Gas Emission.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:808293.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.808293pmc: PMC8907520pubmed: 35280128google scholar: lookup
  71. Misiukiewicz A, Gao M, Filipiak W, Cieslak A, Patra AK, Szumacher-Strabel M. Review: Methanogens and methane production in the digestive systems of nonruminant farm animals.. Animal 2021 Jan;15(1):100060.
    doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100060pubmed: 33516013google scholar: lookup
  72. Alvarado TD, Elghandour MMMY, Ekanem NJ, Alcala-Canto Y, Velázquez AE, Pacheco EBF, Purba RAP, Salem AZM. Influence of Azadirachta indica and Cnidoscolus angustidens Dietary Extracts on Equine Fecal Greenhouse Gas Emissions.. J Equine Vet Sci 2022 Sep;116:104049.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104049pubmed: 35716836google scholar: lookup
  73. Yang X., Li S., Yan J., Xia J., Huang L., Li M., Ding H., Xu L.. Effect of different combinations of emulsifier and wall materials on physical properties of spray-dried microencapsulated swida wilsoniana oil.. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 2020;5:44–50.
  74. Kauter A, Epping L, Semmler T, Antao EM, Kannapin D, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H, Lübke-Becker A, Günther S, Wieler LH, Walther B. The gut microbiome of horses: current research on equine enteral microbiota and future perspectives.. Anim Microbiome 2019 Nov 13;1(1):14.
    doi: 10.1186/s42523-019-0013-3pmc: PMC7807895pubmed: 33499951google scholar: lookup
  75. Cobellis G, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Yu Z. Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review.. Sci Total Environ 2016 Mar 1;545-546:556-68.
  76. Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, Castillejos L, Ferret A. Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation.. J Dairy Sci 2007 Jun;90(6):2580-95.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-644pubmed: 17517698google scholar: lookup
  77. Bandoni A.L., Retta D., Lira P.M.D.L., Baren C.M.V.. ¿Son realmente útiles los aceites esenciales?. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat. 2009;8:317–322.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Alonso-Hernández N, Granados-Echegoyen C, Vera-Reyes I, Pérez-Pacheco R, Arroyo-Balán F, Valdez-Calderón A, Espinosa-Roa A, Loeza-Concha HJ, Villanueva-Sánchez E, García-Pérez F, Diego-Nava F. Assessing the Larvicidal Properties of Endemic Campeche, Mexico Plant Piper cordoncillo var. apazoteanum (Piperaceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes.. Insects 2023 Mar 24;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/insects14040312pubmed: 37103127google scholar: lookup