FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(6); 908; doi: 10.3390/antiox10060908

Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise.

Abstract: The effects of antioxidant supplements on exercise-induced oxidative stress have not been investigated in untrained leisure horses. We investigated the effects of 14-day supplementation with vitamin E (1.8 IU/kg/day), coenzyme Q (CoQ; ubiquinone; 800 mg/day), and a combination of both (the same doses as in mono-supplementation) on the blood levels of CoQ, vitamin E, and oxidative stress parameters in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise. Correlations between lipid peroxidation and muscle enzyme leakage were also determined. Forty client-owned horses were included in the study, with 10 horses in each of the antioxidant and placebo (paraffin oil) groups. Blood parameters were measured before supplementation, before and immediately after exercise, and after 24 h of rest. The differences in individual parameters between blood collection times and groups were analysed with linear mixed models ( ˂ 0.05). None of the supplemented antioxidants affected vitamin E and CoQ concentrations, oxidative stress parameters, or serum muscle enzymes. Lipid peroxidation occurred in horses supplemented with placebo and CoQ but not in horses supplemented with vitamin E or the combination of both antioxidants. These results suggest that vitamin E alone or in combination with CoQ prevented lipid peroxidation in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-06-03 PubMed ID: 34205129PubMed Central: PMC8227526DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060908Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigated the effects of vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on levels of oxidative stress in untrained horses undergoing moderate exercise, finding that such supplementation did not produce significant changes in key health parameters, but did appear to guard against lipid peroxidation.

Supplementation and Oxidative Stress

  • The research focused on examining the reactions of untrained leisure horses to acute moderate exercise, with particular emphasis on the effects of antioxidant supplements on exercise-induced oxidative stress.
  • The antioxidants used for supplementation were vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), a compound also known as ubiquinone. The animals were given these either separately or in combination.

Research Design and Methodology

  • Forty horses were involved in the study. They were split into four groups of ten, with each group receiving supplementation of vitamin E, CoQ, a combination of both, or a placebo (paraffin oil).
  • The supplement doses were maintained at 1.8 IU/kg/day for vitamin E and 800 mg/day for coenzyme Q10. These doses were the same in the combined supplement group.
  • Blood samples were collected from the horses at various stages: before supplementation, before and after exercise, and after 24 hours of rest. These were then analyzed to study changes in blood parameters over time and between groups.

Findings

  • The study found that supplementation with either of the antioxidants did not result in significant changes in the horses’ blood levels of vitamin E, CoQ, oxidative stress parameters, or serum muscle enzymes.
  • However, lipid peroxidation – a process involving oxidative degradation of lipids, which can damage cells – was observed in horses that received the placebo supplement or just the CoQ.
  • In contrast, the horses that were given vitamin E alone or the combination of vitamin E and CoQ did not experience lipid peroxidation, suggesting that vitamin E supplementation, either alone or coupled with CoQ, can prevent this harmful effect in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise.

Cite This Article

APA
Nemec Svete A, Vovk T, Bohar Topolovec M, Kruljc P. (2021). Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel), 10(6), 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060908

Publication

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-3921
NlmUniqueID: 101668981
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
PII: 908

Researcher Affiliations

Nemec Svete, Alenka
  • Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Vovk, Tomaž
  • The Chair of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Bohar Topolovec, Mojca
  • Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Kruljc, Peter
  • Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Grant Funding

  • P4-0053 and P1-0189 / Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 123 references
  1. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence.. CMAJ 2006 Mar 14;174(6):801-9.
    doi: 10.1503/cmaj.051351pmc: PMC1402378pubmed: 16534088google scholar: lookup
  2. Siddiqui NI, Nessa A, Hossain MA. Regular physical exercise: way to healthy life.. Mymensingh Med J 2010 Jan;19(1):154-8.
    pubmed: 20046192
  3. Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E, Viña J. Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training.. Free Radic Biol Med 2008 Jan 15;44(2):126-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001pubmed: 18191748google scholar: lookup
  4. He F, Li J, Liu Z, Chuang CC, Yang W, Zuo L. Redox Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Exercise.. Front Physiol 2016;7:486.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00486pmc: PMC5097959pubmed: 27872595google scholar: lookup
  5. Powers SK, Nelson WB, Hudson MB. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: cause and consequences.. Free Radic Biol Med 2011 Sep 1;51(5):942-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.009pubmed: 21167935google scholar: lookup
  6. Deaton CM, Marlin DJ. Exercise-associated oxidative stress.. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2003;2:278–291.
    doi: 10.1053/S1534-7516(03)00070-2google scholar: lookup
  7. Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history.. Dyn Med 2009 Jan 13;8:1.
    doi: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1pmc: PMC2642810pubmed: 19144121google scholar: lookup
  8. Martinez-Ferran M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Lavie CJ, Lippi G, Pareja-Galeano H. Do Antioxidant Vitamins Prevent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review.. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020 Apr 29;9(5).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9050372pmc: PMC7278664pubmed: 32365669google scholar: lookup
  9. Powers SK, Talbert EE, Adhihetty PJ. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as intracellular signals in skeletal muscle.. J Physiol 2011 May 1;589(Pt 9):2129-38.
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201327pmc: PMC3098692pubmed: 21224240google scholar: lookup
  10. Westerblad H, Allen DG. Emerging roles of ROS/RNS in muscle function and fatigue.. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011 Nov 1;15(9):2487-99.
    doi: 10.1089/ars.2011.3909pubmed: 21375476google scholar: lookup
  11. Yavari A, Javadi M, Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z. Exercise-induced oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants.. Asian J Sports Med 2015 Mar;6(1):e24898.
    doi: 10.5812/asjsm.24898pmc: PMC4393546pubmed: 25883776google scholar: lookup
  12. Merry TL, Ristow M. Do antioxidant supplements interfere with skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training?. J Physiol 2016 Sep 15;594(18):5135-47.
    doi: 10.1113/JP270654pmc: PMC5023714pubmed: 26638792google scholar: lookup
  13. Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Parker L, Wadley GD. Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights.. Redox Biol 2020 Aug;35:101471.
    doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101471pmc: PMC7284926pubmed: 32127289google scholar: lookup
  14. Soffler C. Oxidative stress.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007 May;23(1):135-57.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.11.004pubmed: 17379114google scholar: lookup
  15. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39(1):44-84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001pubmed: 16978905google scholar: lookup
  16. Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production.. Physiol Rev 2008 Oct;88(4):1243-76.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007pmc: PMC2909187pubmed: 18923182google scholar: lookup
  17. Powers SK, Lennon SL. Analysis of cellular responses to free radicals: focus on exercise and skeletal muscle.. Proc Nutr Soc 1999 Nov;58(4):1025-33.
    doi: 10.1017/S0029665199001342pubmed: 10817171google scholar: lookup
  18. Ji LL. Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling.. Free Radic Biol Med 2008 Jan 15;44(2):142-52.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.031pubmed: 18191750google scholar: lookup
  19. Frankiewicz-Jozko A, Szarska E. Anti-oxidant level to exercise in the blood of endurance horses.. Biol. Sport 2000;17:217–227.
  20. Hargreaves BJ, Kronfeld DS, Waldron JN, Lopes MA, Gay LS, Saker KE, Cooper WL, Sklan DJ, Harris PA. Antioxidant status and muscle cell leakage during endurance exercise.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):116-21.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05402.xpubmed: 12405670google scholar: lookup
  21. Marlin DJ, Fenn K, Smith N, Deaton CD, Roberts CA, Harris PA, Dunster C, Kelly FJ. Changes in circulatory antioxidant status in horses during prolonged exercise.. J Nutr 2002 Jun;132(6 Suppl 2):1622S-7S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/132.6.1622Spubmed: 12042474google scholar: lookup
  22. Williams CA, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Waldron JN, Saker KE, Hoffman RM, Harris PA. Oxidative stress in horses in three 80-km races.. Equine Nutr. Phys. Soc. Proc. 2003;18:47–52.
  23. Brkljača Bottegaro N, Gotić J, Šuran J, Brozić D, Klobučar K, Bojanić K, Vrbanac Z. Effect of prolonged submaximal exercise on serum oxidative stress biomarkers (d-ROMs, MDA, BAP) and oxidative stress index in endurance horses.. BMC Vet Res 2018 Jul 6;14(1):216.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1540-ypmc: PMC6035461pubmed: 29980209google scholar: lookup
  24. Muñoz-Escass B, Marañón G, Manley W, de la Muela MS, Riber C, Cayado P, León R, Garcia C, Suárez M, Vara E. Exercise-Induced Changes on Lipid Peroxides and Antioxidant Enzymes Levels Changes in Plasma of Show Jumping and Dressage Horses.. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2006;4:274–282.
  25. Soares JCM, Zanella R, Bondan C, Alves LP, de Lima MR, da Motta AC, Zanella EL. Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Plasma, Serum, and Erythrocytes of Horses before and after a Jumping Competition.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2011;31:357–360.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.017google scholar: lookup
  26. Balogh N, Gaál T, Ribiczeyné PS, Petri A. Biochemical and antioxidant changes in plasma and erythrocytes of pentathlon horses before and after exercise.. Vet Clin Pathol 2001;30(4):214-218.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00434.xpubmed: 12024305google scholar: lookup
  27. Chiaradia E, Avellini L, Rueca F, Spaterna A, Porciello F, Antonioni MT, Gaiti A. Physical exercise, oxidative stress and muscle damage in racehorses.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 Apr;119(4):833-6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)10001-9pubmed: 9787774google scholar: lookup
  28. Ono K, Inui K, Hasegawa T, Matsuki N, Watanabe H, Takagi S, Hasegawa A, Tomoda I. The changes of antioxidative enzyme activities in equine erythrocytes following exercise.. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1990 Aug;52(4):759-65.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.52.759pubmed: 2391775google scholar: lookup
  29. Ishida N, Hobo S, Takahashi T, Nanbo Y, Sato F, Hasegawa T, Mukoyama H. Chronological changes in superoxide-scavenging ability and lipid peroxide concentration of equine serum due to stress from exercise and transport.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):430-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05260.xpubmed: 10659294google scholar: lookup
  30. White A, Estrada M, Walker K, Wisnia P, Filgueira G, Valdés F, Araneda O, Behn C, Martínez R. Role of exercise and ascorbate on plasma antioxidant capacity in thoroughbred race horses.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001 Jan;128(1):99-104.
    doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00286-5pubmed: 11137442google scholar: lookup
  31. Kinnunen S, Hyyppä S, Lappalainen J, Oksala N, Venojärvi M, Nakao C, Hänninen O, Sen CK, Atalay M. Exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle stress protein responses in trotters.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005 Jan;93(4):496-501.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-004-1162-xpubmed: 15221402google scholar: lookup
  32. Jagric-Munih S, Nemec-Svete A, Zrimsek P, Kramaric P, Kos-Kadunc V, Vovk T, Kobal S. Plasma malondialdehyde, biochemical and haematological parameters in standardbred horses during a selected field exercise test.. Acta Vet. 2012;62:53–65.
    doi: 10.2298/AVB1201053Jgoogle scholar: lookup
  33. Mills PC, Smith NC, Casas I, Harris P, Harris RC, Marlin DJ. Effects of exercise intensity and environmental stress on indices of oxidative stress and iron homeostasis during exercise in the horse.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996;74(1-2):60-6.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00376495pubmed: 8891501google scholar: lookup
  34. Avellini L, Chiaradia E, Gaiti A. Effect of exercise training, selenium and vitamin E on some free radical scavengers in horses (Equus caballus).. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999 Jun;123(2):147-54.
    doi: 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00045-0pubmed: 10425718google scholar: lookup
  35. Kinnunen S, Hyyppä S, Lehmuskero A, Oksala N, Mäenpää P, Hänninen O, Atalay M. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and exercise-induced oxidative stress in trotters.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005 Dec;95(5-6):550-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-0034-3pubmed: 16136323google scholar: lookup
  36. de Moffarts B, Kirschvink N, Art T, Pincemail J, Lekeux P. Effect of exercise on blood oxidant/antioxidant markers in standardbred horses: comparison between treadmill and race track tests.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):254-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05548.xpubmed: 17402427google scholar: lookup
  37. Matsuki N, Tamura S, Ono K, Watari T, Goitsuka R, Yamanobe A, Hiraga A, Kubo K, Takagi S, Hasegawa A. Exercise-induced phospholipid degradation in the equine skeletal muscle and erythrocytes.. J Vet Med Sci 1991 Dec;53(6):1001-7.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.53.1001pubmed: 1790208google scholar: lookup
  38. Hodgson DR. Exercise-associated myopathy: is calcium the culprit?. Equine Vet J 1993 Jan;25(1):1-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02888.xpubmed: 8422877google scholar: lookup
  39. Kristensen L, Buhl R, Nostell K, Bak L, Petersen E, Lindholm M, Jacobsen S. Acute exercise does not induce an acute phase response (APR) in Standardbred trotters.. Can J Vet Res 2014 Apr;78(2):97-102.
    pmc: PMC3962284pubmed: 24688170
  40. Urso ML, Clarkson PM. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation.. Toxicology 2003 Jul 15;189(1-2):41-54.
    doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00151-3pubmed: 12821281google scholar: lookup
  41. Stepanyan V, Crowe M, Haleagrahara N, Bowden B. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress: a meta-analysis.. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014 Sep;39(9):1029-37.
    doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0566pubmed: 25068790google scholar: lookup
  42. Bentley DJ, Ackerman J, Clifford T, Slattery KS. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition.. .
  43. Sarmiento A, Diaz-Castro J, Pulido-Moran M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Kajarabille N, Chirosa I, Guisado IM, Javier Chirosa L, Guisado R, Ochoa JJ. Short-term ubiquinol supplementation reduces oxidative stress associated with strenuous exercise in healthy adults: A randomized trial.. Biofactors 2016 Nov 12;42(6):612-622.
    doi: 10.1002/biof.1297pubmed: 27193497google scholar: lookup
  44. Kirschvink N, de Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses.. Vet J 2008 Aug;177(2):178-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.033pubmed: 17897849google scholar: lookup
  45. Williams CA, Burk AO. Nutrient intake during an elite level three-day event competition is correlated to inflammatory markers and antioxidant status.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):116-22.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00193.xpubmed: 21058992google scholar: lookup
  46. Sinatra ST, Jankowitz SN, Chopra RK, Bhagavan HN. Plasma Coenzyme Q10 and Tocopherols in Thoroughbred Race Horses: Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation and Exercise.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:265–269.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.06.001google scholar: lookup
  47. Williams CA. The effect of oxidative stress during exercise in the horse.. J Anim Sci 2016 Oct;94(10):4067-4075.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9988pubmed: 27898872google scholar: lookup
  48. Thueson E, Leadon DP, Heaton R, Hargreaves IP, Bayly WM. Effect of daily supplementation with ubiquinol on muscle coenzyme Q10 concentrations in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2019;15:219–226.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP190023google scholar: lookup
  49. Fagan MM, Harris P, Adams A, Pazdro R, Krotky A, Call J, Duberstein KJ. Form of Vitamin E Supplementation Affects Oxidative and Inflammatory Response in Exercising Horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Aug;91:103103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103103pubmed: 32684249google scholar: lookup
  50. Higgins MR, Izadi A, Kaviani M. Antioxidants and Exercise Performance: With a Focus on Vitamin E and C Supplementation.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 Nov 15;17(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228452pmc: PMC7697466pubmed: 33203106google scholar: lookup
  51. Williams CA, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Saker KE, Waldron JE, Harris PA. Vitamin E intake and systemic antioxidant status in competitive endurance horses.. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2005;2:149–152.
    doi: 10.1079/ECP200565google scholar: lookup
  52. McMeniman NP, Hintz HF. Effect of vitamin E status on lipid peroxidation in exercised horses.. Equine Vet J 1992 Nov;24(6):482-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02882.xpubmed: 1459065google scholar: lookup
  53. Siciliano PD, Parker AL, Lawrence LM. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on the integrity of skeletal muscle in exercised horses.. J Anim Sci 1997 Jun;75(6):1553-60.
    doi: 10.2527/1997.7561553xpubmed: 9250517google scholar: lookup
  54. Williams CA, Kronfeldt DS, Hess TM, Saker KE, Waldron JN, Crandell KM, Hoffman RM, Harris PA. Antioxidant supplementation and subsequent oxidative stress of horses during an 80-km endurance race.. J Anim Sci 2004 Feb;82(2):588-94.
    doi: 10.2527/2004.822588xpubmed: 14974559google scholar: lookup
  55. de Moffarts B, Kirschvink N, Art T, Pincemail J, Lekeux P. Effect of oral antioxidant supplementation on blood antioxidant status in trained thoroughbred horses.. Vet J 2005 Jan;169(1):65-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.12.012pubmed: 15683765google scholar: lookup
  56. Kienzle E, Freismuth A, Reusch A. Double-blind placebo-controlled vitamin E or selenium supplementation of sport horses with unspecified muscle problems. An example of the potential of placebos.. J Nutr 2006 Jul;136(7 Suppl):2045S-2047S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/136.7.2045Spubmed: 16772492google scholar: lookup
  57. Williams CA, Carlucci SA. Oral vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress, vitamin and antioxidant status in intensely exercised horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):617-21.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05614.xpubmed: 17402493google scholar: lookup
  58. Rey AI, Segura J, Arandilla E, López-Bote CJ. Short- and long-term effect of oral administration of micellized natural vitamin E (D-α-tocopherol) on oxidative status in race horses under intense training.. J Anim Sci 2013 Mar;91(3):1277-84.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5125pubmed: 23296828google scholar: lookup
  59. Saastamoinen MT, Juusela J. Serum Vitamin E Concentration of Horses on Different Vitamin E Supplementation Levels.. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A Anim. Sci. 1993;43:52–57.
    doi: 10.1080/09064709309410144google scholar: lookup
  60. Meydani M. Vitamin E.. Lancet 1995 Jan 21;345(8943):170-5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90172-8pubmed: 7823675google scholar: lookup
  61. Evans WJ. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise.. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):647S-52S.
    doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.647Spubmed: 10919971google scholar: lookup
  62. Blatt DH, Leonard SW, Traber MG. Vitamin E kinetics and the function of tocopherol regulatory proteins.. Nutrition 2001 Oct;17(10):799-805.
    doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00637-2pubmed: 11684383google scholar: lookup
  63. Sumida S, Tanaka K, Kitao H, Nakadomo F. Exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and leakage of enzymes before and after vitamin E supplementation.. Int J Biochem 1989;21(8):835-8.
    doi: 10.1016/0020-711x(89)90280-2pubmed: 2583352google scholar: lookup
  64. Meydani M, Evans WJ, Handelman G, Biddle L, Fielding RA, Meydani SN, Burrill J, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg JB, Cannon JG. Protective effect of vitamin E on exercise-induced oxidative damage in young and older adults.. Am J Physiol 1993 May;264(5 Pt 2):R992-8.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.5.R992pubmed: 8498608google scholar: lookup
  65. Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Huber G, Keck E, Keul J. alpha-Tocopherol supplementation in racing cyclists during extreme endurance training.. Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Sep;4(3):253-64.
    doi: 10.1123/ijsn.4.3.253pubmed: 7987360google scholar: lookup
  66. Sacheck JM, Blumberg JB. Role of vitamin E and oxidative stress in exercise.. Nutrition 2001 Oct;17(10):809-14.
    doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00639-6pubmed: 11684385google scholar: lookup
  67. Sacheck JM, Milbury PE, Cannon JG, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. Effect of vitamin E and eccentric exercise on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in young and elderly men.. Free Radic Biol Med 2003 Jun 15;34(12):1575-88.
    doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00187-4pubmed: 12788477google scholar: lookup
  68. Duberstein KJ, Johnson SE, McDowell LR, Ott EA. Effects of vitamin E supplementation and training on oxidative stress parameters measured in exercising horses.. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2009;6:17–25.
    doi: 10.1017/S1478061509341353google scholar: lookup
  69. Finaud J, Lac G, Filaire E. Oxidative stress : relationship with exercise and training.. Sports Med 2006;36(4):327-58.
    doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636040-00004pubmed: 16573358google scholar: lookup
  70. Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon LJC, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RG, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis YP, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete.. Br J Sports Med 2018 Apr;52(7):439-455.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027pmc: PMC5867441pubmed: 29540367google scholar: lookup
  71. Littarru GP, Tiano L. Bioenergetic and antioxidant properties of coenzyme Q10: recent developments.. Mol Biotechnol 2007 Sep;37(1):31-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s12033-007-0052-ypubmed: 17914161google scholar: lookup
  72. Bentinger M, Brismar K, Dallner G. The antioxidant role of coenzyme Q.. Mitochondrion 2007 Jun;7 Suppl:S41-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.02.006pubmed: 17482888google scholar: lookup
  73. Lass A, Sohal RS. Electron transport-linked ubiquinone-dependent recycling of alpha-tocopherol inhibits autooxidation of mitochondrial membranes.. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998 Apr 15;352(2):229-36.
    doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0606pubmed: 9587410google scholar: lookup
  74. Ostman B, Sjödin A, Michaëlsson K, Byberg L. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans.. Nutrition 2012 Apr;28(4):403-17.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.010pubmed: 22079391google scholar: lookup
  75. Sarmiento A, Diaz-Castro J, Pulido-Moran M, Kajarabille N, Guisado R, Ochoa JJ. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation and Exercise in Healthy Humans: A Systematic Review.. Curr Drug Metab 2016;17(4):345-58.
    doi: 10.2174/1389200216666151103115654pubmed: 26526835google scholar: lookup
  76. Orlando P, Silvestri S, Galeazzi R, Antonicelli R, Marcheggiani F, Cirilli I, Bacchetti T, Tiano L. Effect of ubiquinol supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress indexes after intense exercise in young athletes.. Redox Rep 2018 Dec;23(1):136-145.
    doi: 10.1080/13510002.2018.1472924pmc: PMC6748686pubmed: 29734881google scholar: lookup
  77. Kon M, Tanabe K, Akimoto T, Kimura F, Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Okamoto T, Kono I. Reducing exercise-induced muscular injury in kendo athletes with supplementation of coenzyme Q10.. Br J Nutr 2008 Oct;100(4):903-9.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114508926544pubmed: 18284711google scholar: lookup
  78. Leelarungrayub D, Sawattikanon N, Klaphajone J, Pothongsunan P, Bloomer RJ. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Decreases Oxidative Stress and Improves Physical Performance in Young Swimmers: A Pilot Study.. Open Sports Med. J. 2010;4.
    doi: 10.2174/1874387001004010001google scholar: lookup
  79. Díaz-Castro J, Guisado R, Kajarabille N, García C, Guisado IM, de Teresa C, Ochoa JJ. Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation ameliorates inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress associated with strenuous exercise.. Eur J Nutr 2012 Oct;51(7):791-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0257-5pubmed: 21990004google scholar: lookup
  80. Sinatra ST, Chopra RK, Jankowitz S, Horohov DW, Bhagavan HN. Coenzyme Q10 in Equine Serum: Response to Supplementation.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:71–73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.001google scholar: lookup
  81. Prosek M, Smidovnik A, Fir M, Strazisar M, Andrensek S, Wondra AG, Zmitek J. New Water-Soluble form of Coenzyme Q10 in the Form of an Inclusion Complex with Beta-Cyclodextrin, Process of Preparing, and Use Thereof.. 20,070,202,090,A1. U.S. Patent. 2005 May 18.
  82. Lawrence LM. Updates to the nutrient requirements of the horse: NRC 2007 guidelines.. In: Robinson N.E., Sprayberry K.A., editors. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2009. pp. 66–72.
  83. Czauderna M, Kowalczyk J, Marounek M. The simple and sensitive measurement of malondialdehyde in selected specimens of biological origin and some feed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography.. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011 Aug 1;879(23):2251-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.008pubmed: 21727037google scholar: lookup
  84. Bohar Topolovec M, Kruljc P, Prošek M, Jazbec Križman P, Smidovnik A, Nemec Svete A. Endogenous plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration does not correlate with plasma total antioxidant capacity level in healthy untrained horses.. Res Vet Sci 2013 Oct;95(2):675-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.03.020pubmed: 23648076google scholar: lookup
  85. Zhao B, Tham SY, Lu J, Lai MH, Lee LK, Moochhala SM. Simultaneous determination of vitamins C, E and beta-carotene in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection.. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2004 Jun 30;7(2):200-4.
    pubmed: 15367376
  86. Sivertsen T, Overnes G, Osterås O, Nymoen U, Lunder T. Plasma vitamin E and blood selenium concentrations in Norwegian dairy cows: regional differences and relations to feeding and health.. Acta Vet Scand 2005;46(4):177-91.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-46-177pmc: PMC1618972pubmed: 16398330google scholar: lookup
  87. Pinheiro JC, Bates DM. Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS.. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2000.
  88. Brown H, Prescott R. Applied Mixed Models in Medicine, Statistics in Practice.. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons; Edinburgh, Scotland: 2006.
  89. Jeanes YM, Hall WL, Ellard S, Lee E, Lodge JK. The absorption of vitamin E is influenced by the amount of fat in a meal and the food matrix.. Br J Nutr 2004 Oct;92(4):575-9.
    doi: 10.1079/BJN20041249pubmed: 15522126google scholar: lookup
  90. Finno CJ, Valberg SJ. A comparative review of vitamin E and associated equine disorders.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):1251-66.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00994.xpubmed: 22925200google scholar: lookup
  91. Pagan JD, Kane E, Nash D. Form and source of tocopherol affects vitamin E status in Thoroughbred horses.. Pferdeheikunde 2005;21:101–102.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20050743google scholar: lookup
  92. Takanami Y, Iwane H, Kawai Y, Shimomitsu T. Vitamin E supplementation and endurance exercise: are there benefits?. Sports Med 2000 Feb;29(2):73-83.
    doi: 10.2165/00007256-200029020-00001pubmed: 10701711google scholar: lookup
  93. McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Shooter LA, Holmes S, Heward C, Henson DA. Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in highly trained athletes before and after exhaustive exercise.. J Nutr Biochem 2005 Sep;16(9):530-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.02.001pubmed: 16115541google scholar: lookup
  94. Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK. Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics.. Free Radic Res 2006 May;40(5):445-53.
    doi: 10.1080/10715760600617843pubmed: 16551570google scholar: lookup
  95. Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK. Plasma coenzyme Q10 response to oral ingestion of coenzyme Q10 formulations.. Mitochondrion 2007 Jun;7 Suppl:S78-88.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.03.003pubmed: 17482886google scholar: lookup
  96. López-Lluch G, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Sánchez-Cuesta A, Cortés-Rodríguez AB, Navas P. Bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 supplements depends on carrier lipids and solubilization.. Nutrition 2019 Jan;57:133-140.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.020pubmed: 30153575google scholar: lookup
  97. Braun B, Clarkson PM, Freedson PS, Kohl RL. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance, VO2max, and lipid peroxidation in trained cyclists.. Int J Sport Nutr 1991 Dec;1(4):353-65.
    doi: 10.1123/ijsn.1.4.353pubmed: 1844568google scholar: lookup
  98. Cooke M, Iosia M, Buford T, Shelmadine B, Hudson G, Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Leutholtz B, Willoughby D, Kreider R. Effects of acute and 14-day coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance in both trained and untrained individuals.. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008 Mar 4;5:8.
    doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-8pmc: PMC2315638pubmed: 18318910google scholar: lookup
  99. Niklowitz P, Onur S, Fischer A, Laudes M, Palussen M, Menke T, Döring F. Coenzyme Q10 serum concentration and redox status in European adults: influence of age, sex, and lipoprotein concentration.. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016 May;58(3):240-5.
    doi: 10.3164/jcbn.15-73pmc: PMC4865593pubmed: 27257350google scholar: lookup
  100. Watson TD, Burns L, Love S, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. The isolation, characterisation and quantification of the equine plasma lipoproteins.. Equine Vet J 1991 Sep;23(5):353-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03737.xpubmed: 1959526google scholar: lookup
  101. Kaikkonen J, Kosonen L, Nyyssönen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Salonen R, Korpela H, Salonen JT. Effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and muscular damage: a placebo-controlled double-blind study in marathon runners.. Free Radic Res 1998 Jul;29(1):85-92.
    doi: 10.1080/10715769800300101pubmed: 9733025google scholar: lookup
  102. Zhou S, Zhang Y, Davie A, Marshall-Gradisnik S, Hu H, Wang J, Brushett D. Muscle and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration, aerobic power and exercise economy of healthy men in response to four weeks of supplementation.. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005 Sep;45(3):337-46.
    pubmed: 16230985
  103. Miles MV, Horn PS, Morrison JA, Tang PH, DeGrauw T, Pesce AJ. Plasma coenzyme Q10 reference intervals, but not redox status, are affected by gender and race in self-reported healthy adults.. Clin Chim Acta 2003 Jun;332(1-2):123-32.
    doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00137-2pubmed: 12763289google scholar: lookup
  104. Lass A, Forster MJ, Sohal RS. Effects of coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol administration on their tissue levels in the mouse: elevation of mitochondrial alpha-tocopherol by coenzyme Q10.. Free Radic Biol Med 1999 Jun;26(11-12):1375-82.
    doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00330-Xpubmed: 10401600google scholar: lookup
  105. Ibrahim WH, Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK, Chow CK. Dietary coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E alter the status of these compounds in rat tissues and mitochondria.. J Nutr 2000 Sep;130(9):2343-8.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2343pubmed: 10958833google scholar: lookup
  106. Niki E. Mechanisms and dynamics of antioxidant action of ubiquinol.. Mol Aspects Med 1997;18 Suppl:S63-70.
    doi: 10.1016/S0098-2997(97)00035-6pubmed: 9266507google scholar: lookup
  107. Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Stocker R. Cosupplementation with coenzyme Q prevents the prooxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol and increases the resistance of LDL to transition metal-dependent oxidation initiation.. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 May;16(5):687-96.
    doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.16.5.687pubmed: 8963727google scholar: lookup
  108. Nielsen F, Mikkelsen BB, Nielsen JB, Andersen HR, Grandjean P. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life-style factors.. Clin Chem 1997 Jul;43(7):1209-14.
    doi: 10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1209pubmed: 9216458google scholar: lookup
  109. Grotto D, Maria LS, Valentini J, Paniz C, Schmitt G, Garcia SC, Pomblum VJ, Rocha JBT, Farina M. Importance of the lipid peroxidation biomarkers and methodological aspects FOR malondialdehyde quantification.. Quím. Nova 2009;32:169–174.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-40422009000100032google scholar: lookup
  110. Spirlandeli AL, Deminice R, Jordao AA. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker of lipid peroxidation: effects of acute exercise.. Int J Sports Med 2014 Jan;35(1):14-8.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1345132pubmed: 23771832google scholar: lookup
  111. A-Qudah KM, Al-Majali AM. Status of biochemical and antioxidant variables in horses before and after long distance race.. Rev. Méd. Vét. 2006;157:307–312.
  112. Gül I, Gökbel H, Belviranli M, Okudan N, Büyükbaş S, Başarali K. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plasma after repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise: the effect of coenzyme Q10.. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011 Jun;51(2):305-12.
    pubmed: 21681167
  113. Prior RL, Cao G. In vivo total antioxidant capacity: comparison of different analytical methods.. Free Radic Biol Med 1999 Dec;27(11-12):1173-81.
    doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00203-8pubmed: 10641708google scholar: lookup
  114. Ghiselli A, Serafini M, Natella F, Scaccini C. Total antioxidant capacity as a tool to assess redox status: critical view and experimental data.. Free Radic Biol Med 2000 Dec;29(11):1106-14.
    doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00394-4pubmed: 11121717google scholar: lookup
  115. Cao G, Prior RL. Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum.. Clin Chem 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1309-15.
    doi: 10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1309pubmed: 9625058google scholar: lookup
  116. Serafini M, Del Rio D. Understanding the association between dietary antioxidants, redox status and disease: is the Total Antioxidant Capacity the right tool?. Redox Rep 2004;9(3):145-52.
    doi: 10.1179/135100004225004814pubmed: 15327744google scholar: lookup
  117. Apak R. Current Issues in Antioxidant Measurement.. J Agric Food Chem 2019 Aug 21;67(33):9187-9202.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03657pubmed: 31259552google scholar: lookup
  118. Kedzierski W, Bergero D, Assenza A. Trends of hematological and biochemical values in the blood of young race horses during standardized field exercise tests.. Acta Vet. 2009;59:457–466.
    doi: 10.2298/avb0906457kgoogle scholar: lookup
  119. Kinnunen S, Atalay M, Hyyppä S, Lehmuskero A, Hänninen O, Oksala N. Effects of prolonged exercise on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in endurance horse.. J Sports Sci Med 2005 Dec;4(4):415-21.
    pmc: PMC3899657pubmed: 24501555
  120. Lamprecht ED, Williams CA. Biomarkers of antioxidant status, inflammation, and cartilage metabolism are affected by acute intense exercise but not superoxide dismutase supplementation in horses.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012;2012:920932.
    doi: 10.1155/2012/920932pmc: PMC3423952pubmed: 22919442google scholar: lookup
  121. Kruljc P, Cebulj-Kadunc N, Frangez R, Svete NN. Changes in blood antioxidant, biochemical and haematological parameters in police horses on duty.. Slov. Vet. Res. 2014;51:119–129.
  122. Siqueira RF, Weigel RA, Nunes GR, Mori CS, Fernandes WR. Oxidative profiles of endurance horses racing different distances.. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2014;66:455–461.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-41625760google scholar: lookup
  123. Helgheim I, Hetland O, Nilsson S, Ingjer F, Strømme SB. The effects of vitamin E on serum enzyme levels following heavy exercise.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1979 Mar 1;40(4):283-9.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00421520pubmed: 371960google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Beghelli D, Zallocco L, Angeloni C, Bistoni O, Ronci M, Cavallucci C, Mazzoni MR, Nuccitelli A, Catalano C, Hrelia S, L쫌hini A, Giusti L. Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata, Verbascum thapsus, and Curcuma longa in Show Jumping Horses: Effects on Serum Proteome, Antioxidant Status, and Anti-Inflammatory Gene Expression. Life (Basel) 2023 Mar 10;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/life13030750pubmed: 36983904google scholar: lookup
  2. El-Sherbiny HR, Abdelnaby EA, El-Shahat KH, Salem NY, Ramadan ES, Yehia SG, Fathi M. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation enhances testicular volume and hemodynamics, reproductive hormones, sperm quality, and seminal antioxidant capacity in goat bucks under summer hot humid conditions. Vet Res Commun 2022 Dec;46(4):1245-1257.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-022-09991-8pubmed: 36048337google scholar: lookup
  3. Ayemele AG, Tilahun M, Lingling S, Elsaadawy SA, Guo Z, Zhao G, Xu J, Bu D. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021 Nov 29;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox10121918pubmed: 34943022google scholar: lookup
  4. Henry ML, Velez-Irizarry D, Pagan JD, Sordillo L, Gandy J, Valberg SJ. The Impact of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Antioxidants and Proteome in Fit Thoroughbred Horses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021 Oct 30;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox10111739pubmed: 34829610google scholar: lookup
  5. Hashim OA, Numan IT, Mohammed NH. The protective effect of coadministration of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on myopathy induced by simvastatin in rats. Toxicol Rep 2025 Jun;14:101942.
    doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101942pubmed: 40612652google scholar: lookup
  6. Kawaida MY, Kwon OS, Ahn A, Reiter AS, Tillquist NM, Noh SG, Lee JW, Moore TE, Reed SA. Effects of an astaxanthin-containing supplement on oxidative status in skeletal muscle and circulation during deconditioning and reconditioning periods in polo ponies. Physiol Rep 2025 Apr;13(8):e70346.
    doi: 10.14814/phy2.70346pubmed: 40285451google scholar: lookup
  7. Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold B, Kulka M, Czopowicz M, Wilczak J, Szarska E, Strzelec K, Grzeczka A, Graczyk S, Hryniszyn A, Mularczyk M, Marycz K, Cywińska A. The effect of long term astaxanthin supplementation on the antioxidant status of racing Arabian horses - preliminary study. Sci Rep 2024 Nov 14;14(1):27991.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77732-9pubmed: 39543175google scholar: lookup
  8. Zhang X, Geng A, Cao D, Dugarjaviin M. Identification of mulberry leaf flavonoids and evaluating their protective effects on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in equine skeletal muscle satellite cells. Front Mol Biosci 2024;11:1353387.
    doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1353387pubmed: 38650596google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,113 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.