FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Am J Vet Res / Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydroch...
American journal of veterinary research2017; 78(10); 1126-1139; doi: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126

Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine whether prophylactic administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride versus initiation of treatment at the onset of fever would differentially protect horses from viral replication and clinical disease attributable to equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) infection. ANIMALS 18 aged mares. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive an oral placebo (control), treatment at detection of fever, or prophylactic treatment (initiated 1 day prior to viral challenge) and then inoculated intranasally with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1. Placebo or valacyclovir was administered orally for 7 or 14 days after EHV-1 inoculation or detection of fever (3 horses/group). Effects of treatment on viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated. Plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia were assessed to determine inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir. RESULTS Valacyclovir administration decreased shedding of virus and viremia, compared with findings for control horses. Rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores in horses that received valacyclovir prophylactically for 2 weeks were lower than those in control horses. The severity of but not the risk for ataxia was decreased by valacyclovir administration. Viremia was decreased when steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations were > 0.8 μg/mL, supporting the time-dependent activity of acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Valacyclovir treatment significantly decreased viral replication and signs of disease in EHV-1-infected horses; effects were greatest when treatment was initiated before viral inoculation, but treatment was also effective when initiated as late as 2 days after inoculation. During an outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, antiviral treatment may be initiated in horses at various stages of infection, including horses that have not yet developed signs of viral disease.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-09-26 PubMed ID: 28945127PubMed Central: PMC6440545DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses a study that sought to determine the effectiveness of early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride in managing neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. The study found that starting the treatment before or as late as two days after the viral infection greatly reduced both viral replication and signs of disease in horses.

Experiment Design and Procedure

  • This study involved 18 aged mares that were randomly chosen to receive either a placebo or valacyclovir treatment. The mares were divided into groups based on the timing of the valacyclovir administration: prophylactic (treatment started a day before the viral challenge) or upon detection of fever.
  • The horses were then intranasally inoculated with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1.
  • The placebo or the valacyclovir was administered orally for a period of 7 or 14 days following EHV-1 inoculation, or upon fever detection (with 3 horses per group).

Data Collection and Assessment

  • The effect of the treatment on both viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated through observing the horses.
  • Assessments were made on plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia (presence of virus in the blood) to help determine the inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir.

Results of the Research Study

  • The administration of valacyclovir reduced the shedding of virus and viremia compared to the control horses.
  • Horses that received valacyclovir as a prophylaxis for two weeks showed lower rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores compared to the control horses.
  • The risk of ataxia (loss of full control of bodily movements) was not decreased by valacyclovir. However, the severity of ataxia was lessened among horses that were treated with valacyclovir.
  • Viremia decreased when the steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations exceeded 0.8 μg/mL, indicating that the action of acyclovir is time-dependent.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

  • Valacyclovir treatment significantly reduced viral replication and the signs of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, a highly infectious and often deadly viral disease in horses, particularly when treatment was initiated early.
  • The results are most effective when treatment starts before inoculation, but even a late start (up to 2 days after inoculation) is beneficial.
  • In the face of an equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak, antiviral treatment can be initiated for horses at various stages of infection, including horses that haven’t exhibited signs of viral disease yet.

Cite This Article

APA
Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. (2017). Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res, 78(10), 1126-1139. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126

Publication

American journal of veterinary research
ISSN: 1943-5681
NlmUniqueID: 0375011
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 78
Issue: 10
Pages: 1126-1139

Researcher Affiliations

Maxwell, Lara K
    Bentz, Bradford G
      Gilliam, Lyndi L
        Ritchey, Jerry W
          Pusterla, Nicola
            Eberle, R
              Holbrook, Todd C
                McFarlane, Dianne
                  Rezabek, Grant B
                    Meinkoth, James
                      Whitfield, Chase
                        Goad, Carla L
                          Allen, George P

                            MeSH Terms

                            • Acyclovir / analogs & derivatives
                            • Acyclovir / therapeutic use
                            • Animals
                            • Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use
                            • Female
                            • Fever / drug therapy
                            • Fever / veterinary
                            • Herpesviridae Infections / drug therapy
                            • Herpesviridae Infections / physiopathology
                            • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
                            • Herpesvirus 1, Equid
                            • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
                            • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
                            • Horses
                            • Premedication / veterinary
                            • Valacyclovir
                            • Valine / analogs & derivatives
                            • Valine / therapeutic use
                            • Viremia / veterinary
                            • Virus Replication / drug effects

                            Grant Funding

                            • T35 RR007061 / NCRR NIH HHS

                            References

                            This article includes 33 references
                            1. Allen GP. Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Dec;69(12):1595-600.
                              pubmed: 19046006doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1595google scholar: lookup
                            2. Henninger RW, Reed SM, Saville WJ, Allen GP, Hass GF, Kohn CW, Sofaly C. Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Jan-Feb;21(1):157-65.
                              pubmed: 17338164doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[157:oondcb]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
                            3. Goehring LS, van Winden SC, van Maanen C, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myeloencephalopathy in The Netherlands: a four-year retrospective study (1999-2003).. J Vet Intern Med 2006 May-Jun;20(3):601-7.
                              pubmed: 16734096doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[601:ehtami]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
                            4. Sawtell NM, Bernstein DI, Stanberry LR. A temporal analysis of acyclovir inhibition of induced herpes simplex virus type 1 In vivo reactivation in the mouse trigeminal ganglia.. J Infect Dis 1999 Sep;180(3):821-3.
                              pubmed: 10438371doi: 10.1086/314958google scholar: lookup
                            5. Murray MJ, del Piero F, Jeffrey SC, Davis MS, Furr MO, Dubovi EJ, Mayo JA. Neonatal equine herpesvirus type 1 infection on a thoroughbred breeding farm.. J Vet Intern Med 1998 Jan-Feb;12(1):36-41.
                              pubmed: 9503358doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb00494.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                            6. Garré B, Shebany K, Gryspeerdt A, Baert K, van der Meulen K, Nauwynck H, Deprez P, De Backer P, Croubels S. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous infusion of acyclovir and after oral administration of acyclovir and its prodrug valacyclovir in healthy adult horses.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Dec;51(12):4308-14.
                              pmc: PMC2167972pubmed: 17846132doi: 10.1128/aac.00116-07google scholar: lookup
                            7. Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Bourne DW, Erkert RS. Pharmacokinetics of valacyclovir in the adult horse.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008 Aug;31(4):312-20.
                              pubmed: 18638291doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00957.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                            8. Rollinson EA, White G. Relative activities of acyclovir and BW759 against Aujeszky's disease and equine rhinopneumonitis viruses.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983 Aug;24(2):221-6.
                              pmc: PMC185141pubmed: 6314886doi: 10.1128/aac.24.2.221google scholar: lookup
                            9. Tearle JP, Smith KC, Platt AJ, Hannant D, Davis-Poynter NJ, Mumford JA. In vitro characterisation of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4.. Res Vet Sci 2003 Aug;75(1):83-6.
                              pubmed: 12801466doi: 10.1016/s0034-5288(03)00031-6google scholar: lookup
                            10. Garré B, van der Meulen K, Nugent J, Neyts J, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H. In vitro susceptibility of six isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 to acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir, PMEDAP and foscarnet.. Vet Microbiol 2007 May 16;122(1-2):43-51.
                              pubmed: 17276631doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.004google scholar: lookup
                            11. Hedge J, Wagoner D. Horse conformation: structure, soundness, and performance.. Guilford, Conn: The Lyons Press, 2004.
                            12. Allen GP, Breathnach CC. Quantification by real-time PCR of the magnitude and duration of leucocyte-associated viraemia in horses infected with neuropathogenic vs. non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1.. Equine Vet J 2006 May;38(3):252-7.
                              pubmed: 16706281doi: 10.2746/042516406776866453google scholar: lookup
                            13. Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH, Krook L, Tasker JB. Spinal cord disease in the horse.. Cornell Vet 1978 Jan;68 Suppl 6:1-207.
                              pubmed: 618720
                            14. FDA. Freedom of Information summary: original new animal drug application NADA 141-268: Protazil antiprotozoal pellets.. Silver Spring, Md: FDA, 2007.
                            15. Crabb BS, MacPherson CM, Reubel GH, Browning GF, Studdert MJ, Drummer HE. A type-specific serological test to distinguish antibodies to equine herpesviruses 4 and 1.. Arch Virol 1995;140(2):245-58.
                              pubmed: 7710353doi: 10.1007/bf01309860google scholar: lookup
                            16. Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares.. Vaccine 2001 Jul 20;19(30):4307-17.
                              pubmed: 11457558doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00131-1google scholar: lookup
                            17. Pusterla N, Wilson WD, Conrad PA, Barr BC, Ferraro GL, Daft BM, Leutenegger CM. Cytokine gene signatures in neural tissue of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis or equine herpes type 1 myeloencephalopathy.. Vet Rec 2006 Sep 9;159(11):341-6.
                              pubmed: 16963713doi: 10.1136/vr.159.11.341google scholar: lookup
                            18. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson WD. Diagnostic sensitivity of nasopharyngeal and nasal swabs for the molecular detection of EHV-1.. Vet Rec 2008 Apr 19;162(16):520-1.
                              pubmed: 18424850doi: 10.1136/vr.162.16.520google scholar: lookup
                            19. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson WD. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 in trigeminal ganglia and submandibular lymph nodes of equids examined postmortem.. Vet Rec 2010 Sep 4;167(10):376-8.
                              pubmed: 20817899doi: 10.1136/vr.c3748google scholar: lookup
                            20. Wada Y, McCright IJ, Whitby FG, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Replacement of loop II of VP1 of the DA strain with loop II of the GDVII strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus alters neurovirulence, viral persistence, and demyelination.. J Virol 1998 Sep;72(9):7557-62.
                              pmc: PMC110000pubmed: 9696853doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7557-7562.1998google scholar: lookup
                            21. Brush LA, Black DH, Mccormack KA, Maxwell LK, Wright G, Ritchey JW, Payton ME, Eberle R. Papiine herpesvirus 2 as a predictive model for drug sensitivity of Macacine herpesvirus 1 (monkey B virus).. Comp Med 2014 Oct;64(5):386-93.
                              pmc: PMC4236787pubmed: 25402179
                            22. Nasisse MP, Dorman DC, Jamison KC, Weigler BJ, Hawkins EC, Stevens JB. Effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvirus 1.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Oct;58(10):1141-4.
                              pubmed: 9328668
                            23. Eberle R, Black DH, Lehenbauer TW, White GL. Shedding and transmission of baboon Herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP2) in a breeding colony.. Lab Anim Sci 1998 Feb;48(1):23-8.
                              pubmed: 9517885
                            24. Azab W, Tsujimura K, Kato K, Arii J, Morimoto T, Kawaguchi Y, Tohya Y, Matsumura T, Akashi H. Characterization of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 4 and in vitro susceptibility of the virus to antiviral agents.. Antiviral Res 2010 Feb;85(2):389-95.
                              pubmed: 19931566doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.11.007google scholar: lookup
                            25. Boyd MR, Bacon TH, Sutton D, Cole M. Antiherpesvirus activity of 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxy-methylbut-1-yl)guanine (BRL 39123) in cell culture.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987 Aug;31(8):1238-42.
                              pmc: PMC174911pubmed: 3631945doi: 10.1128/aac.31.8.1238google scholar: lookup
                            26. De Clercq E, Holý A, Rosenberg I, Sakuma T, Balzarini J, Maudgal PC. A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent.. Nature 1986 Oct 2-8;323(6087):464-7.
                              pubmed: 3762696doi: 10.1038/323464a0google scholar: lookup
                            27. de la Fuente R, Awan AR, Field HJ. The acyclic nucleoside analogue penciclovir is a potent inhibitor of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in tissue culture and in a murine model.. Antiviral Res 1992 May;18(1):77-89.
                              pubmed: 1329646doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90007-rgoogle scholar: lookup
                            28. Rollinson EA. Comparative efficacy of three 2'-fluoropyrimidine nucleosides and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (BW B759U) against pseudorabies and equine rhinopneumonitis virus infection in vitro and in laboratory animals.. Antiviral Res 1987 Jan;7(1):25-33.
                              pubmed: 3026244doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(87)90036-2google scholar: lookup
                            29. Smith KO, Galloway KS, Hodges SL, Ogilvie KK, Radatus BK, Kalter SS, Heberling RL. Sensitivity of equine herpesviruses 1 and 3 in vitro to a new nucleoside analogue, 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxy] methyl] guanine.. Am J Vet Res 1983 Jun;44(6):1032-5.
                              pubmed: 6307092
                            30. Fang J, Jadhav PR. From in vitro EC₅₀ to in vivo dose-response for antiretrovirals using an HIV disease model. Part II: application to drug development.. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2012 Aug;39(4):369-81.
                              pubmed: 22773164doi: 10.1007/s10928-012-9257-1google scholar: lookup
                            31. Tod M, Lokiec F, Bidault R, De Bony F, Petitjean O, Aujard Y. Pharmacokinetics of oral acyclovir in neonates and in infants: a population analysis.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Jan;45(1):150-7.
                              pmc: PMC90253pubmed: 11120958doi: 10.1128/aac.45.1.150-157.2001google scholar: lookup
                            32. Garré B, Gryspeerdt A, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H. Evaluation of orally administered valacyclovir in experimentally EHV1-infected ponies.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 30;135(3-4):214-21.
                              pubmed: 18986780doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.062google scholar: lookup
                            33. Goehring LS, Wagner B, Bigbie R, Hussey SB, Rao S, Morley PS, Lunn DP. Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines.. Vaccine 2010 Jul 19;28(32):5203-11.
                              pubmed: 20538091doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.065google scholar: lookup

                            Citations

                            This article has been cited 23 times.
                            1. Black JB, Frampton AR. Anti-inflammatory compounds reduce equine herpesvirus type 1 replication and cell-to-cell spread. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1165917.
                              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1165917pubmed: 37275614google scholar: lookup
                            2. Barbosa JD, Lins AMC, Bomjardim HDA, Silveira NDSES, Barbosa CC, Beuttemmuller EA, Brito MF, Salvarani FM. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Myeloencephalitis in the Brazilian Amazon. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 23;13(1).
                              doi: 10.3390/ani13010059pubmed: 36611668google scholar: lookup
                            3. Klouth E, Zablotski Y, Petersen JL, de Bruijn M, Gröndahl G, Müller S, Goehring LS. Epidemiological Aspects of Equid Herpesvirus-Associated Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) Outbreaks. Viruses 2022 Nov 21;14(11).
                              doi: 10.3390/v14112576pubmed: 36423188google scholar: lookup
                            4. Thieulent CJ, Sutton G, Toquet MP, Fremaux S, Hue E, Fortier C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Abrioux S, Guitton E, Pronost S, Paillot R. Oral Administration of Valganciclovir Reduces Clinical Signs, Virus Shedding and Cell-Associated Viremia in Ponies Experimentally Infected with the Equid Herpesvirus-1 C(2254) Variant. Pathogens 2022 May 4;11(5).
                              doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050539pubmed: 35631060google scholar: lookup
                            5. Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022 Jan;20(1):e07036.
                              doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036pubmed: 35035581google scholar: lookup
                            6. Khammesri S, Ampasavate C, Hongwiset D, Mektrirat R, Sangsrijan S, Brown JL, Thitaram C. Pharmacokinetics and analytical determination of acyclovir in Asian elephant calves (Elephas maximus). Vet Anim Sci 2022 Mar;15:100227.
                              doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100227pubmed: 35024493google scholar: lookup
                            7. Vandenberghe E, Boshuizen B, Delesalle CJG, Goehring LS, Groome KA, van Maanen K, de Bruijn CM. New Insights into the Management of an EHV-1 (Equine Hospital) Outbreak. Viruses 2021 Jul 22;13(8).
                              doi: 10.3390/v13081429pubmed: 34452295google scholar: lookup
                            8. Pusterla N, Barnum S, Miller J, Varnell S, Dallap-Schaer B, Aceto H, Simeone A. Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H(752) Genotype. Pathogens 2021 Jun 13;10(6).
                              doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060747pubmed: 34199153google scholar: lookup
                            9. Zarski LM, Giessler KS, Jacob SI, Weber PSD, McCauley AG, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses. Viruses 2021 Feb 24;13(3).
                              doi: 10.3390/v13030356pubmed: 33668216google scholar: lookup
                            10. Stokol T, Soboll Hussey G. Editorial: Current Research in Equid Herpesvirus Type-1 (EHV-1). Front Vet Sci 2019;6:492.
                              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00492pubmed: 31998768google scholar: lookup
                            11. Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
                              doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668pubmed: 31849857google scholar: lookup
                            12. Lechmann J, Schoster A, Ernstberger M, Fouché N, Fraefel C, Bachofen C. A novel PCR protocol for detection and differentiation of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic equid alphaherpesvirus 1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Sep;31(5):696-703.
                              doi: 10.1177/1040638719871975pubmed: 31477001google scholar: lookup
                            13. Easton-Jones CA, Madigan JE, Barnum S, Maxwell LK, Taylor SD, Arnesen T, Pusterla N. Effect of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral kinetics in horses with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1763-1767.
                              doi: 10.1111/jvim.15230pubmed: 30221792google scholar: lookup
                            14. Stokol T, Serpa PBS, Brooks MB, Divers T, Ness S. Subcutaneous Administration of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin to Horses Inhibits Ex Vivo Equine Herpesvirus Type 1-Induced Platelet Activation. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:106.
                              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00106pubmed: 29892605google scholar: lookup
                            15. Hardefeldt L, Thomas K, Page S, Norris J, Browning G, El Hage C, Stewart A, Gilkerson J, Muscatello G, Verwilghen D, van Galen G, Bauquier J, Cuming R, Reynolds B, Whittaker C, Wilkes E, Clulow J, Burden C, Begg L. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2025 Dec;103(12):781-889.
                              doi: 10.1111/avj.70003pubmed: 40903020google scholar: lookup
                            16. de la Cuesta-Torrado M, Velloso Alvarez A, Santiago-Llorente I, Armengou L, Nieto F, Ríos J, Cruz-López F, Jose-Cunilleras E. Risk Factors and Long-Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70040.
                              doi: 10.1111/jvim.70040pubmed: 40055829google scholar: lookup
                            17. Nishimura F, Fukushi N, Sakai H, Fukushi H. Attenuation of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4p in hamsters by a single amino acid mutation (D752N) in viral DNA polymerase ORF30. J Vet Med Sci 2024 Dec 1;86(12):1273-1278.
                              doi: 10.1292/jvms.24-0338pubmed: 39384384google scholar: lookup
                            18. Normand C, Thieulent CJ, Fortier C, Sutton G, Senamaud-Beaufort C, Jourdren L, Blugeon C, Vidalain PO, Pronost S, Hue ES. A Screening Study Identified Decitabine as an Inhibitor of Equid Herpesvirus 4 That Enhances the Innate Antiviral Response. Viruses 2024 May 8;16(5).
                              doi: 10.3390/v16050746pubmed: 38793627google scholar: lookup
                            19. Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
                              doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987pubmed: 38767608google scholar: lookup
                            20. Hassanien RT, Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Li G, Balasuriya UBR. Modulation of Equid Herpesvirus-1 Replication Dynamics In Vitro Using CRISPR/Cas9-Assisted Genome Editing. Viruses 2024 Mar 6;16(3).
                              doi: 10.3390/v16030409pubmed: 38543774google scholar: lookup
                            21. Goehring L, Dorman DC, Osterrieder K, Burgess BA, Dougherty K, Gross P, Neinast C, Pusterla N, Soboll-Hussey G, Lunn DP. Pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of equine herpesvirus-1 in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1892-1905.
                              doi: 10.1111/jvim.17016pubmed: 38380685google scholar: lookup
                            22. Soboll-Hussey G, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross P, Neinast C, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Lunn DP. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1872-1891.
                              doi: 10.1111/jvim.16948pubmed: 38069576google scholar: lookup
                            23. Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1765-1791.
                              doi: 10.1111/jvim.16958pubmed: 38069548google scholar: lookup
                            Subscribe to our newsletter
                            Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.