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American journal of veterinary research2017; 78(10); 1126-1139; doi: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126

Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine whether prophylactic administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride versus initiation of treatment at the onset of fever would differentially protect horses from viral replication and clinical disease attributable to equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) infection. ANIMALS 18 aged mares. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive an oral placebo (control), treatment at detection of fever, or prophylactic treatment (initiated 1 day prior to viral challenge) and then inoculated intranasally with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1. Placebo or valacyclovir was administered orally for 7 or 14 days after EHV-1 inoculation or detection of fever (3 horses/group). Effects of treatment on viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated. Plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia were assessed to determine inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir. RESULTS Valacyclovir administration decreased shedding of virus and viremia, compared with findings for control horses. Rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores in horses that received valacyclovir prophylactically for 2 weeks were lower than those in control horses. The severity of but not the risk for ataxia was decreased by valacyclovir administration. Viremia was decreased when steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations were > 0.8 μg/mL, supporting the time-dependent activity of acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Valacyclovir treatment significantly decreased viral replication and signs of disease in EHV-1-infected horses; effects were greatest when treatment was initiated before viral inoculation, but treatment was also effective when initiated as late as 2 days after inoculation. During an outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, antiviral treatment may be initiated in horses at various stages of infection, including horses that have not yet developed signs of viral disease.
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Publication Date: 2017-09-26 PubMed ID: 28945127PubMed Central: PMC6440545DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses a study that sought to determine the effectiveness of early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride in managing neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. The study found that starting the treatment before or as late as two days after the viral infection greatly reduced both viral replication and signs of disease in horses.

Experiment Design and Procedure

  • This study involved 18 aged mares that were randomly chosen to receive either a placebo or valacyclovir treatment. The mares were divided into groups based on the timing of the valacyclovir administration: prophylactic (treatment started a day before the viral challenge) or upon detection of fever.
  • The horses were then intranasally inoculated with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1.
  • The placebo or the valacyclovir was administered orally for a period of 7 or 14 days following EHV-1 inoculation, or upon fever detection (with 3 horses per group).

Data Collection and Assessment

  • The effect of the treatment on both viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated through observing the horses.
  • Assessments were made on plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia (presence of virus in the blood) to help determine the inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir.

Results of the Research Study

  • The administration of valacyclovir reduced the shedding of virus and viremia compared to the control horses.
  • Horses that received valacyclovir as a prophylaxis for two weeks showed lower rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores compared to the control horses.
  • The risk of ataxia (loss of full control of bodily movements) was not decreased by valacyclovir. However, the severity of ataxia was lessened among horses that were treated with valacyclovir.
  • Viremia decreased when the steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations exceeded 0.8 μg/mL, indicating that the action of acyclovir is time-dependent.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

  • Valacyclovir treatment significantly reduced viral replication and the signs of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, a highly infectious and often deadly viral disease in horses, particularly when treatment was initiated early.
  • The results are most effective when treatment starts before inoculation, but even a late start (up to 2 days after inoculation) is beneficial.
  • In the face of an equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak, antiviral treatment can be initiated for horses at various stages of infection, including horses that haven’t exhibited signs of viral disease yet.

Cite This Article

APA
Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. (2017). Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res, 78(10), 1126-1139. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126

Publication

American journal of veterinary research
ISSN: 1943-5681
NlmUniqueID: 0375011
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 78
Issue: 10
Pages: 1126-1139

Researcher Affiliations

Maxwell, Lara K
    Bentz, Bradford G
      Gilliam, Lyndi L
        Ritchey, Jerry W
          Pusterla, Nicola
            Eberle, R
              Holbrook, Todd C
                McFarlane, Dianne
                  Rezabek, Grant B
                    Meinkoth, James
                      Whitfield, Chase
                        Goad, Carla L
                          Allen, George P

                            MeSH Terms

                            • Acyclovir / analogs & derivatives
                            • Acyclovir / therapeutic use
                            • Animals
                            • Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use
                            • Female
                            • Fever / drug therapy
                            • Fever / veterinary
                            • Herpesviridae Infections / drug therapy
                            • Herpesviridae Infections / physiopathology
                            • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
                            • Herpesvirus 1, Equid
                            • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
                            • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
                            • Horses
                            • Premedication / veterinary
                            • Valacyclovir
                            • Valine / analogs & derivatives
                            • Valine / therapeutic use
                            • Viremia / veterinary
                            • Virus Replication / drug effects

                            Grant Funding

                            • T35 RR007061 / NCRR NIH HHS

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