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International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance2022; 21; 28-39; doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002

Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited.

Abstract: Cyathostomins are the most common and highly prevalent parasites of horses worldwide. Historically, the control of cyathostomins has mainly relied on the routine use of anthelmintic products. Increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cyathostomins are concerning. A potential method proposed for detecting emerging AR in cyathostomins has been estimating the egg reappearance period (ERP). This paper reviews the data available for the ERP of cyathostomins against the three major classes of anthelmintics, macrocyclic lactones, tetrahydropyrimidines, and benzimidazoles. Published peer-reviewed original research articles were obtained from three databases (PubMed, CAB Direct and Web of Science) and were evaluated for their inclusion in a systematic review. Subsets of articles were then subjected to a review of ERP data. A total of 54 (of 134) studies published between 1972 and 2022 met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Until the beginning of 2022, there was no agreed definition of the ERP; eight definitions of ERP were identified in the literature, complicating the comparison between studies. Additionally, potential risk factors for the shortening of the ERP, including previous anthelmintic use and climate, were frequently not described. Reports of shortened ERP for moxidectin and ivermectin are frequent: 20 studies that used comparable ERP definitions reported shortened moxidectin and ivermectin ERPs of 35 and 28 days, respectively. It is unclear whether the ERPs of these anthelmintics reduced to such levels are due to the development of AR or some biological factors related to horses, cyathostomin species, and/or the environment. The ERPs for other anthelmintics, such as fenbendazole and pyrantel, were frequently not reported due to established resistance against these drugs. Future research in horses is required to understand the mechanism(s) behind the shortening of ERP for cyathostomins. Based on this systematic review, we propose recommendations for future ERP studies.
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2022-12-13 PubMed ID: 36543048PubMed Central: PMC10105024DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Researchers reviewed data on cyathostomins, parasites affecting horses, to understand resistance to anthelmintic medication, estimated through egg reappearance period (ERP). They found variable definitions of ERP and recurring reports of shortened ERP for certain medications, necessitating further investigation to unpack the reasons behind it.

Overview of Cyathostomins and Anthelmintic Resistance

  • Cyathostomins are parasitic organisms that commonly infest horses. These parasites often see the use of anthelmintic drugs for their control.
  • However, there have been increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) among these parasites, making it crucial to investigate ways of detecting emerging AR.
  • One of the methods proposed for this is the estimation of the egg reappearance period (ERP), the time it takes for cyathostomin eggs to reappear in the feces of horses after anthelmintic treatment.

The Systematic Review on ERP

  • The researchers reviewed existing literature on ERP of cyathostomins against major classes of anthelmintic drugs, sourced from PubMed, CAB Direct, and Web of Science.
  • Out of 134 studies, they included 54 in a systematic review that gave ERP data.
  • The researchers highlighted an absence of a universally agreed upon definition of ERP till 2022, which complicated the comparison of data across different studies.

Findings on ERP and Anthelmintics

  • ERP was frequently shortened for drugs like moxidectin and ivermectin, with a reported ERP of 35 and 28 days respectively.
  • It is unclear if shortened ERP for these anthelmintics is a consequence of the evolution of AR or it has to do with some biological factors linked to the horses, cyathostomin species, or environment.
  • The ERP for other anthelmintics such as fenbendazole and pyrantel was often not reported due to established resistance against these drugs.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • The study emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the reasons behind the shortening of ERP for cyathostomins.
  • Basing on the systematic review, the researchers propose guidelines for future ERP studies to ensure a systematic definition of ERP and consider the impact of factors like previous anthelmintic use and climate on ERP.

Cite This Article

APA
Macdonald SL, Abbas G, Ghafar A, Gauci CG, Bauquier J, El-Hage C, Tennent-Brown B, Wilkes EJA, Beasley A, Jacobson C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Hughes KJ, Nielsen MK, Jabbar A. (2022). Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 21, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002

Publication

International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance
ISSN: 2211-3207
NlmUniqueID: 101576715
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 21
Pages: 28-39

Researcher Affiliations

Macdonald, Stephanie L
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Abbas, Ghazanfar
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Ghafar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Gauci, Charles G
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Bauquier, Jenni
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
El-Hage, Charles
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Tennent-Brown, Brett
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Wilkes, Edwina J A
  • Racing Victoria, Flemington, Victoria, Australia.
Beasley, Anne
  • School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
Jacobson, Caroline
  • Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
Cudmore, Lucy
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia.
Carrigan, Peter
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia.
Hurley, John
  • Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria, Australia.
Beveridge, Ian
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Hughes, Kristopher J
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Jabbar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: jabbara@unimelb.edu.au.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Ivermectin / therapeutic use
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Drug Resistance
  • Anthelmintics / pharmacology
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
  • Feces / parasitology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors are members of the Australian Equine Parasitology Advisory Panel supported by AgriFutures Australia and Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Citations

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