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Home / Equine Research Bank / Virology / EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine res...
Virology2009; 397(1); 217-223; doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.005

EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages.

Abstract: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection is distinctive in that it causes a rapid onset of clinical disease relative to other retroviruses. In order to understand the interaction dynamics between EIAV and the host immune response, we explored the effects of EIAV and its S2 protein in the regulation of the cytokine and chemokine response in macrophages. EIAV infection markedly altered the expression pattern of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines monitored in the study. Comparative studies in the cytokine response between EIAV(17) and EIAV(17DeltaS2) infection revealed that S2 enhances the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, MCP-2, MIP-1beta and IP-10. Moreover, S2 specifically induced the expression of the newly discovered cytokine, IL-34. Taken together, these results may help explain the effect of cytokine and chemokine dysregulation in EIAV pathogenesis and suggest a role of S2 in optimizing the host cell environment to promote viral dissemination and replication.
Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2009-11-28 PubMed ID: 19945727PubMed Central: PMC2813941DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.005Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines how the Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and its S2 protein influence the response of certain inflammation-inducing molecules in infected immune cells. The study showed that EIAV significantly altered the expression of several inflammation-enhancing molecules and that the S2 protein specifically amplified the expression, including the newly discovered cytokine, IL-34, implying its role in assisting the virus’s spread and replication.

Understanding EIAV Infection and the Role of S2 Protein

  • The study focused on deciphering the relationship between the EIAV and the immune responses of the host. EIAV infection stands out from other retroviral infections due to its rapid clinical disease progression.
  • The virus and its S2 protein were examined for their impact on the regulation of cytokine and chemokine response in macrophages, a type of immune cell. Cytokines and chemokines are small proteins released by various cells with a specific impact on interactions and communications between cells.

Lorem ipsum Examination of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines

  • This investigation involved monitoring the expression patterns of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines caused by EIAV infection.
  • While pro-inflammatory cytokines promote inflammation, chemokines play a crucial role in stimulating the movement of cells, especially immune cells towards the site of inflammation or infection.

The Impact of the S2 protein on Cytokine and Chemokine Response

  • The comparative studies of cytokine response were performed between EIAV-17 (an intact version of virus) and EIAV-17DeltaS2 (a version lacking the S2 protein). It was discovered that S2 protein boosts the expression of various cytokines including IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, MCP-2, MIP-1beta, and IP-10.
  • Interestingly, it was found that the S2 protein specifically triggers the expression of the recently discovered cytokine, IL-34, which has diverse biological functions.

The Implication of S2 protein in EIAV Pathogenesis

  • These findings enhance our understanding of the cytokine and chemokine dysregulation in EIAV pathogenesis. Dysregulation refers to the scenario where something operates outside of its normal regulation, potentially leading to harm.
  • The S2 protein might play a significant role in creating an optimal host cell environment for promoting viral spread and replication. By mediating the expression of certain cytokines, the S2 protein might facilitate an increased inflammatory response, potentially aiding the virus’s dissemination.

Cite This Article

APA
Covaleda L, Fuller FJ, Payne SL. (2009). EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages. Virology, 397(1), 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.005

Publication

Virology
ISSN: 1096-0341
NlmUniqueID: 0110674
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 397
Issue: 1
Pages: 217-223

Researcher Affiliations

Covaleda, Lina
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, MS4467, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
Fuller, Frederick J
    Payne, Susan L

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Cells, Cultured
      • Cytokines / biosynthesis
      • Cytokines / immunology
      • Gene Deletion
      • Gene Expression Profiling
      • Horses
      • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
      • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
      • Macrophages / immunology
      • Macrophages / virology
      • Viral Proteins / genetics
      • Viral Proteins / immunology

      Grant Funding

      • R01 CA059278 / NCI NIH HHS
      • R01 CA059278-13 / NCI NIH HHS
      • CA-59278 / NCI NIH HHS

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