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Equine infectious anemia virus: immunopathogenesis and persistence.
Abstract: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a chronic, relapsing infectious disease of horses caused by a nononcogenic retrovirus. Virus persists in infected animals for life and can be reliably detected by serologic tests that measure levels of antibody to the major structural protein of the virus. Periodic virus replication in macrophages leads to an immunologically mediated acute disease characterized primarily by severe anemia. Recrudescence of acute EIA is the result of antigenic variation of the surface glycoprotein of EIA virus. The frequency and severity of clinical episodes of EIA decrease in most horses, leading to an inapparent carrier state. This cessation of clinical illness is probably brought about by the ability of the infected animals to eventually achieve a threshold efficiency of the immune response against antigenic epitopes common to all EIA virus strains.
Publication Date: 1985-01-01 PubMed ID: 2984759DOI: 10.1093/clinids/7.1.83Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
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Summary
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The research article discusses Equine infectious anemia (EIA), a chronic and recurring infectious disease in horses caused by a certain kind of virus, and explores how this virus persists and its impact on the immune system of horses.
Equine Infectious Anemia Disease
- The paper starts off by establishing the nature of Equine infectious anemia (EIA), which is described as a chronic, recurrent infectious disease affecting horses. The causative agent is a nononcogenic retrovirus. A nononcogenic virus is one that does not cause formation of tumors or cancer, but here it transcends into a long-term, often severe, disease.
- The EIA virus resides in infected horses for their entire lifespan, and can be identified reliably through serologic tests. These tests gauge the levels of antibodies targeted against a crucial structural protein of the virus.
Progression and Characteristics of the Disease
- The research then expands on how the virus operates. There are periodic episodes of virus reproduction within macrophages – specific cells responsible for detecting and destroying pathogens. This causes an acute disease stage distinguished mainly by severe anemia. Anemia refers to a condition where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body’s tissues, making the individual feel tired and weak.
- Furthermore, recurrences of acute EIA are due to antigenic variation. This means that the virus alters the proteins on its surface to escape the immune system’s response, leading to repeated incidents of the disease.
Disease Outcome and Immune Response
- The research also highlights that the frequency and severity of clinical manifestations of EIA reduce over time in most horses, leading to what’s known as an inapparent carrier state. This refers to a state where the individual does not display symptomatic illness but still harbors the virus, making it potentially infectious to others.
- Lastly, the cessation of clinical disease is potentially due to a threshold efficiency reached by the immune system in response to the virus. In other words, over time, the immune system of infected horses is likely able to mount an effective response against the common antigenic components across all strains of the EIA virus, leading to an end of the active disease stages.
Cite This Article
APA
Cheevers WP, McGuire TC.
(1985).
Equine infectious anemia virus: immunopathogenesis and persistence.
Rev Infect Dis, 7(1), 83-88.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/7.1.83 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Equine Infectious Anemia / immunology
- Equine Infectious Anemia / microbiology
- Horses
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / physiology
- Virus Replication
Citations
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