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Acta veterinaria Hungarica2006; 54(1); 35-42; doi: 10.1556/AVet.54.2006.1.4

Electroencephalographic and electromyographic changes during the use of detomidine and detomidine-butorphanol combination in standing horses.

Abstract: Clinically, the use of detomidine and butorphanol is suitable for sedation and deepening of analgosedation. The aim of our study was to establish the influence of detomidine used alone and a butorphanol-detomidine combination on brain activity and to evaluate and compare brain responses (using electroencephalography, EEG) by recording SEF90 (spectral edge frequency 90%), individual brain wave fractions (beta, alpha, theta and delta) and electromyographic (EMG) changes in the left temporal muscle in standing horses. Ten clinically healthy cold-blooded horses were divided into two groups of five animals each. Group I received detomidine and Group II received detomidine followed by butorphanol 10 min later. SEF90, individual brain wave fractions and EMG were recorded with a pEEG (processed EEG) monitor using computerised processed electroencephalography and electromyography. The present study found that detomidine alone and the detomidine-butorphanol combination significantly reduced SEF90 and EMG, and they caused changes in individual brain wave fractions during sedation and particularly during analgosedation. The EMG results showed that the detomidine-butorphanol combination provided greater and longer muscle relaxation. Our EEG and EMG results confirmed that the detomidine-butorphanol combination is safer and more appropriate for painless and non-painless procedures on standing horses compared to detomidine alone.
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Publication Date: 2006-04-15 PubMed ID: 16613024DOI: 10.1556/AVet.54.2006.1.4Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the effect of detomidine, both alone and in combination with butorphanal, on brain activity and muscle responses in standing horses. The results indicate that the detomidine-butorphanol combination provided better muscle relaxation and was deemed safer for both painful and non-painful procedures compared to detomidine alone.

Objective and Methodology

  • The core aim of this study was to determine the impactful changes caused by detomidine and a combination of detomidine-butorphanol on brain activity in horses. The researchers also intended to compare and evaluate brain responses using electroencephalography (EEG).
  • The study involved ten clinically healthy, cold-blooded horses split evenly into two groups. The first group was administered with detomidine, while the second group received detomidine, followed by butorphanol 10 minutes later.
  • Data from this experiment were recorded using a processed EEG monitor, and included information concerning spectral edge frequency 90% (SEF90), individual brain wave fractions and electromyographic (EMG) changes in the left temporal muscle.

Findings and Implications

  • The results demonstrated that both detomidine alone and the combination of detomidine and butorphanol significantly reduced SEF90 and EMG, and modified individual brain wave fractions during sedation and particularly during analgosedation.
  • The EMG data revealed that the combination of detomidine and butorphanol offered enhanced and prolonged muscle relaxation compared to detomidine used in isolation.
  • Based on the EEG and EMG results, the scholars concluded that the detomidine-butorphanol concoction is safer and more suitable for both painless and non-painless procedures on standing horses. The combination thoroughly sedated the horses and provided better muscle relaxations, which is crucial in preventing spontaneous movements and injuries during medical procedures.

Cite This Article

APA
Kruluc P, Nemec A. (2006). Electroencephalographic and electromyographic changes during the use of detomidine and detomidine-butorphanol combination in standing horses. Acta Vet Hung, 54(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.54.2006.1.4

Publication

Acta veterinaria Hungarica
ISSN: 0236-6290
NlmUniqueID: 8406376
Country: Hungary
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-42

Researcher Affiliations

Kruluc, P
  • Clinic for Reproduction and Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, Slovenia. peter.kruljc@vf.uni-lj.si
Nemec, Alenka

    MeSH Terms

    • Analgesics, Opioid / administration & dosage
    • Analgesics, Opioid / pharmacology
    • Animals
    • Brain / drug effects
    • Butorphanol / administration & dosage
    • Butorphanol / pharmacology
    • Drug Therapy, Combination
    • Electroencephalography / veterinary
    • Electromyography / veterinary
    • Female
    • Heart Conduction System / drug effects
    • Horses
    • Hypnotics and Sedatives / administration & dosage
    • Hypnotics and Sedatives / pharmacology
    • Imidazoles / administration & dosage
    • Imidazoles / pharmacology
    • Infusions, Intravenous / veterinary
    • Male
    • Posture

    Citations

    This article has been cited 7 times.
    1. Figueroa S, Levionnois OL, Mirra A. Quantitative Variables Derived from the Electroencephalographic Signal to Assess Depth of Anaesthesia in Animals: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2025 Aug 5;15(15).
      doi: 10.3390/ani15152285pubmed: 40805076google scholar: lookup
    2. Boesch JM, Gleed RD, Buss PE, Tordiffe ASW, Zeiler GE, Miller MA, Viljoen F, Harvey BH, Parry SA, Meyer LCR. Etorphine induces pathophysiology in immobilized white rhinoceros through sympathomimesis that is attenuated by butorphanol. Conserv Physiol 2025;13(1):coaf009.
      doi: 10.1093/conphys/coaf009pubmed: 40196708google scholar: lookup
    3. Ignacio C, Del Mar LM, Marta B, Sina Z, Vicent R, Aloma MF. Comparison of two sedation protocols for long electroretinography in horses using the Koijman electrode. BMC Vet Res 2023 Aug 4;19(1):106.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-023-03654-9pubmed: 37537621google scholar: lookup
    4. Emanuel D, Kästner SBR, Delarocque J, Grob AJ, Bienert-Zeit A. Influence of Butorphanol, Buprenorphine and Levomethadone on Sedation Quality and Postoperative Analgesia in Horses Undergoing Cheek Tooth Extraction. Vet Sci 2022 Apr 6;9(4).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci9040174pubmed: 35448672google scholar: lookup
    5. Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 9;11(8).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11082346pubmed: 34438803google scholar: lookup
    6. Adair HS, Levine D. Effects of 1-MHz Ultrasound on Epaxial Muscle Temperature in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:177.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00177pubmed: 31245392google scholar: lookup
    7. Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Fletcher DJ, Aleman M, Holliday TA, Tharp B, Kass PH, LeCouteur RA, Steffey EP. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses during Administration of Inhaled Anesthesia. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Jan-Feb;30(1):289-303.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.13813pubmed: 26714626google scholar: lookup
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